The Affects of the Human Genome Project on Society Essay -- Genetics S

The Affects of the Human Genome Project on SocietyTodays society has an always growing thirst for spangledge as we have for many hundreds of years now. Scientists work around the clock studying the affects of nearly everything they can think of to train experiments on. This quest for knowledge is the supposed start to a better life for man kind and ultimately a world without disease or hunger. The gentle genome project is one that has been going on for about 20 years. This project set out to map, down to the last detail, every part of the human deoxyribonucleic acid structure (Human). The project has recently been completed and the scientists are now starting another project with their newly found information, to cure mankind of its ailments. Although thither are many positive things that can come of this recent discovery, there are many adverse affects that society is not yet fully awake(predicate) of and as the experiments and test results come in, more and more will socie ty be blinded to the downsides of genetic research because of the glitz, glamour, and promises provided by the corporations and universities This paper will not just hone in on the recently completed human genome project but will also take a number at the many adverse affects of what is now possibly to come if the science of human perfection is to continue unchecked. The possibilities for this new science are great, but without the general everyday guiding it every step of the way, the universities and corporations will be free to do as they wish. With the power to change life on this planet as we know it, the teams of scientists may ultimately one day have the ability to control what is happening through nearly every second of our life what we eat, what we drink, what happen... ...uman Being, The Medusa and the pull together More Notes of a Biology Watcher. New York Viking Press, 1979.Thomas, in his book of short stories explores many different issues of human nature and in this book gives his viewpoint on many well known topics and some unknown yet still interesting topics alike. Although this book is somewhat dated, the articles present are still applicable to a lot of the situations we are facing in this current day and age. The author of the book is quite refreshing in the way that he is able to look at both the light and dark of a situation yet keep a positive attitude towards most of the nearing innovations in science.Reference slantHuman Genome Project Information. US Department of Energy. April 20, 2003. http//www.ornl.gov/TechResources/Human_Genome/home.htmlClinton, Bill. Whitehouse Press Conference. June 25, 2000.

Emily Bronte and Wuthering Heights Essay -- Wuthering Heights Essays

Emily Bronte and Wuthering Heights Emily Bronte wrote only one novel in her life. Wuthering Heights written under her pen name, Ellis Bell, was published in 1847. Although, Wuthering Heights is said to be the most imaginative and poetic of all the Brontes novels, Emilys book was not as popular as her older sister, Charlottes, new release, Jane Eyre (Bronte Sisters 408). In looking at Brontes writings, the major influences were her family, her isolation growing up, and her school experiences. Charlotte, Emily, Anne, and their brother Branwell lived with their father, the Reverend Patrick Bronte, in a parsonage high above the village at Haworth in Yorkshire, England (Bronte Sisters 408). The parsonage was amongst the largest houses in Haworth, though in comparison with the homes of clergymen in more affluent areas of Britain, it would have been considered small (www.bronte.org.uk). Patrick Bronte entered the church because it was the one career that offered to lift h im out of his poor and Irish background. He was born in a cottage at Emdale, County Down, on the 17th of March in 1777. As a teacher in a boys school at Glascar, as a tutor in a private family, and as teacher in the parish school at Drumballyroney, he do the grade and got a scholarship to St. Johns College, Cambridge, in October 1802 (Scott-Kilvert 105). Years later, with the crisis provoked by the Luddite riots (1811-1812)- in which the role of the clergy in industrial districts became one of an active peacekeeping force- Patrick was among the first, and the few, to hunt down pistols in defense of his parishioners property. Over the remaining fifty years of his life, he primed his pistols daily, di... ...ters. 1982 ed. Bronte. Colliers Encyclopedia. 1996 ed. Bronte, Emily. Wuthering Heights. United States of America Barnes & Noble Inc., 2009.The Brontes. http//www.bronte.org.uk/brontes/victorian.asp. 23 Jan 2014.Bronte Sisters. The New Book of Knowledge. 2012 ed. An Emily Bronte Chronology. http//lang.nagoy-u.ac.jp/matsuoka/Bronte-Emily-chro.html. 23 Jan 2014. Emily Bronte. The McGraw-Hill Encyclopedia of World Biography. 2003 ed. Emily Jane Bronte. http//www.geocities.com/CollegePark/1380/emily.html. 23 Jan 2014.Grin, Winifred. The Bronts. British Writers, Vol. V. Ed. Ian Scott-Kilvert. New York Charles Scribners Sons, 1982. Print. History of Emilys Life. http//www.geocities.com/SoHo/Lofts/4396/history.html. 23 Jan 2014. Wuthering Heights. Cyclopedia of Literary Characters. 2008 ed.

A Leader: Love and Hatred, Fear and Love Essay example -- Literary Ana

Many philosophers have discussed, written, and influenced the implementation of their ideas of the perfect qualities of a leader, and the techniques that one must use to improve and perfect their leaders abilities. Majority of these philosophers conclude that a leader must demonstrate favourable traits, which impart in turn generate the public in which he is judgment over to love him. This will result in a successful leadership. These philosophies are also devised as if the real world was a perfect world. However, Niccolo Machiavelli wrote a book, named, The Prince, which introduced the realistic idea that the world is not perfect and people do bad things. Because of this, leader must act differently to take charge of the course bad behaviour of the human race (The Prince 1). In Shakespeares Julius Caesar, there are numerous leaders who apply these ideas, and many who dont. Although The Prince discusses many muddied and relentless ideas of the perfect leader, his philosophy is pr oven true by the characters from Shakespeares playwright, Julius Caesar, and the cause and effect of their actions. Brutus is a perfect example of a leader who did not keep company Machiavellis advice, and did not succeed as a leader. For instance, Brutuss main concern was pleasing the public and doing what was best for Rome. He did this by cleansing Julius Caesar (3.2.23-28). If you want to acquire a reputation for generosity, therefore, you have to be ostentatiously lavish and a prince acting in that fashion will soon devour all in all his resources, provided to be forced in the end if he wants to maintain his reputationto impose extortionate taxes. (The Prince 2). Machiavelli stated that to be generous will have damaging effects on the leader. The damaging co... ...owed Machiavellis idea and as a result, killed anyone that was a threat to him (the conspirators). Machiavelli said that this was a good technique for a leader to use, because if a man does this, then everything that could possibly put him out of leadership is out of his way, leaving his leadership roll open to only him (Fears). Killing the conspirators was a great advantage to Antony because it gave him the opportunity to become a leader in the second triumvirate. Weather the characters of Shakespeares playwright, Julius Caesar followed or did not follow Machiavellian traits, each of the previous examples prove Machiavellis philosophy in The Prince true. Even though many philosophers conclude that a leader should have all positive traits such as variantness and generosity, a leader can be cruel and feared and be a better leader than one that is kind and loved.

Music on the Internet and Copyright Infringement :: Web Music Industry Essays

AbstractMillions of users worldwide use online file swapping proceedss, in order to download free music. show companies, needless to say, are not very happy about this, neither are many musicians. This paper presents the historical and legal background of this subject. Then, it discusses the morality of much(prenominal) free music services, based on two major ethical theories consequentialism and contractianism.IntroductionThe Audio Home Recording Act (AHRA) 1, states No action whitethorn be brought under this title alleging infringement of copyright based on the manufacture, importation, or distribution of a digital audio recording device, a digital audio recording medium, an analog recording device, or an analog recording medium, or based on the noncommercial use by a consumer of such a device or medium for making digital musical recordings or analog musical recordings.The above indicates that individuals can make copies of music recordings for personal noncommercial use and ca nnot be sued for copyright infringement 2. In 21st century terms, it can be argued that downloading MP3 files containing music for personal use is not illegal. Napster lawyers ideal so too. This argument was used by Napsters lawyers as one of the two lines of defense at the lawsuit filed against Napster by The Record Industry companionship of America (the RIAA) 3. Unfortunately for Napster, the judge ruling was in favor of the RIAA, and eventually it brought Napster down.Napster was a pioneer in the area of file swapping over the Internet. The Napster web set made available the software necessary for the Peer-to-Peer (P2P) file transfer to work. People used it primarily for copying MP3 music files, thus avoiding the need to actually leveraging recorded music.Napster quickly became a very popular web site with a 15 million registered users in less than a year, according to participation sources. However, Napsters remarkable success was not at its best interest. It had drawn the attention of the Record Industry, and raised its concerns of Copyright infringement in large volumes. nevertheless a year after its launch, it was sued by the RIAA, which represents major recording companies such as Universal Music, BMG, Sony Music, Warner Music Group, and EMI. The RIAA claimed that by allowing users to swap music recordings for free, Napsters service violated Copyright laws. Eventually, the judge ruled against Napster, and, failing to complete the sale deal with Bertelsmann AG, it had to shut down its operations and liquidate its assets 3.

recycling plastic :: essays research papers

Plastics are durable, lightw viii materials that were invented in 1909. They are normally do from oil and natural gas. Using moldables to replace packaging materials such as metaland glass has allowed manufacturers to make packages that are more efficient. Forexample to bottle eight gallons of a beverage would take only two pounds of elastic butwould take three pounds of aluminum, eight pounds of steel and 27 pounds of glass. Thelight weight of fictile packaging helps reduce transportation costs. It takes fewer trucks totransport plastic compared to metal or other materials. Fewer trucks mean less fuel usageand thence less air pollution from truck exhaust. Recycling plastic containers helps to conserve landfill space and natural resourcesand to cut down on pollution. Since the number of landfills continues to diminish, keepingplastic containers out of landfills is important. Plastics do not degrade in landfills. Therefore, containers you throw away will be taking up landfill spa ce hundreds of yearsfrom now. Making plastic products from recycled plastic also reduces air and waterpollution, and energy used for making plastics from raw materials. Recycled plastic isused to make products such as plastic lumber, toys, containers, carpet, part fill for jacketsand flowerpots. There are over 1,500 products made with or packaged in recycled plastic. Such uses reduce natural resource consumption and pollution be thrust fewer raw materialsare required and less energy is needed to make recycled plastic products than to makeplastic products entirely from raw materials. There are antithetical kinds mixtures of resinsthat make thousands of types of plastics. Ink pens, car parts and plastic bags are all madefrom different resins. In order to recycle plastics, the different types must be kept separate.Therefore, plastic packages are coded to indicate the type of resin used to make them. Thecode numbers are found inside the chasing recycling arrows on the bottoms of conta iners.These numbers help you separate plastic containers for recycling collection or drop off.Uncoded plastics, such as plastic pipes, cannot be recycled but can be reused.Recycling is a six step process. First they must be cleaned and separated by thetype of plastic and by color. The first step is the more or less important one in the process.Colored plastics cannot be mixed with clear plastics, and plastics with different codenumbers cannot be mixed together. Mixing plastics can cause entire bales to be rejectedand possibly to be sent to a landfill. They are then compacted and shipped off to theprocessing facility.

recycling plastic :: essays research papers

Plastics are durable, lightweight materials that were invented in 1909. They are normallymade from vegetable oil and natural gas. Using pliables to replace incase materials such as metaland glass has allowed manufacturers to energise packages that are more efficient. Forexample to bottle eight gallons of a beverage would take only two pounds of plastic butwould take three pounds of aluminum, eight pounds of steel and 27 pounds of glass. Thelight weight of plastic packaging helps reduce transportation costs. It takes fewer trucks totransport plastic compared to metal or other materials. Fewer trucks mean slight fuel usageand therefore less air pollution from truck exhaust. cycle plastic containers helps to conserve land fit space and natural resourcesand to cut down on pollution. Since the number of landfills continues to diminish, keepingplastic containers egress of landfills is burning(prenominal). Plastics do not degrade in landfills. Therefore, containers you throw away w ill be taking up landfill space hundreds of yearsfrom now. Making plastic products from recycled plastic also reduces air and waterpollution, and energy used for making plastics from fond materials. Recycled plastic isused to make products such as plastic lumber, toys, containers, carpet, fiber fill for jacketsand flowerpots. There are over 1,500 products made with or packaged in recycled plastic. Such uses reduce natural resource consumption and pollution because fewer raw materialsare required and less energy is needed to make recycled plastic products than to makeplastic products consummately from raw materials. There are different kinds mixtures of resinsthat make thousands of types of plastics. Ink pens, car parts and plastic bags are all madefrom different resins. In order to recycle plastics, the different types must be unplowed separate.Therefore, plastic packages are coded to indicate the type of resin used to make them. Thecode meter are found inside the chasing recycli ng arrows on the bottoms of containers.These numbers help you separate plastic containers for recycling collection or drop off.Uncoded plastics, such as plastic pipes, cannot be recycled but can be reused.Recycling is a six step process. First they must be cleaned and separated by thetype of plastic and by color. The first step is the most important one in the process.Colored plastics cannot be mixed with clear plastics, and plastics with different codenumbers cannot be mixed together. Mixing plastics can cause entire bales to be rejectedand possibly to be sent to a landfill. They are then compacted and shipped off to theprocessing facility.

Wal-Mart: Ethical or Unethical

Wal-Mart Ethical or Unethical? Almost everyone living in North America undoubtedly knows what Wal-Mart is and has already conceived some sort of opinion, whether it is good or bad. On one hand people complain that they be ruining competition, they are treating their employees terribly or that they are given extreme unfair advantages that no other follow receives.However, on the other spectrum in that respect are those that believe in the free market, as surface as those that say Wal-Mart is cutting down the cost for low to average income families cost of living or even those who claim that although betroths are non perfect they are in fact employing a large amount of people whom would otherwise not have a job. Whichever end of the spectrum your beliefs may lay, there is no doubt that Wal-Mart does create very affordable prices for those families in need however are these incredibly low prices taking an even greater bell on Wal-Mart employees and community members?Throughout t his paper we go forth explore the two main ideas of whether Wal-Marts way of conducting chore is ethical or unethical, and let you steady down which end of the spectrum you are on. The American Economy is built upon Capitalistic Principles. Americans have pride in their free market economy with the largest gross domestic product in the world. Income in a capitalist system takes at least two forms, profit and wages. Profits are used to expand a ships company, creating more than(prenominal) jobs and wealth. Every companys primary goal is to produce profit. The means by which each company produces profit contrasts in accordance with the market verbalise company is in.Companies can attempt to differentiate themselves in their business model but gener exclusivelyy certain sectors of the market produce similar profit strategies. Wal-Marts strategy relies upon low-wage labor by discouraging the unionization of its employees. Wal-Marts strategy of low-wage labor to reduce their costs is hardly unique. Wal-Marts competitors Target, Kmart Corp. and Home Depot all pay similar wages and give comparable benefits. Competition arises when more than one producer is trying to sell the alike or similar products to the same buyers. Competition leads to innovation and more affordable prices.Economic freedom is afforded to the private sector (such as Wal-Mart, Kroger, etc. ), allowing the private sector to make the majority of scotch decisions in determining the direction and scale of what the U. S. economy produces. Relatively low levels of regulation and government involvement enhance this. Although Wal-Marts revenues are greater than the combined sales of its top competitors Target, Sears Roebuck, Costco Wholesale, Home Depot and The Kroger Co, Wal-Mart needs to continue its business strategy (including low-wages) in order to keep the edge it has built.Wal-Mart is one of the biggest employers in the United States, with 1. 4 cardinal associates. Wal-Mart is not only o ne of the largest employers in the United States but the largest in Mexico and one of the largest in Canada. Wal-Mart is in like manner a diverse employer with more than 257,000 African American associates, more than 41,000 Asian, 5,900 Pacific Islander, 171,000 Hispanic, 16,000 American Indian, and 869,000 women associates. Along with the diverse employment the majority of the employees work full time. Wal-Mart full time average periodic wage is $11. 5 and is even higher in urban areas. Employees can receive performance-based bonuses and receive opportunities for advancement. Wal-Mart grants full time benefits to those working as little as 34 hours per week, but does not limit workers to just 34 hours per week. Wal-Mart has a health care benefit for all of its employees and recently announced that over 1. 2 million associates are covered under its healthcare schedule and the number of uninsured associates dropped by nearly 25 percent in the past year and more than 40 percent bet ween 2007 and 2009.Both full time and part time can be eligible for health benefits. The benefits are for all levels of the company from the part times workers to the full time managers. Along with all the health care benefits, Wal-Mart also added a new program called Life with Baby, in which the program helps mothers and their babies get a healthy start for the childs life. Wal-Mart saves money for families. Wal-Mart has health care benefits for 94. 5 percent of their employees worldwide. One of Wal-Marts biggest goals is to save families money.In 2006 Wal-Mart saved American families on average $2,500. Saving money means more money in consumer pockets, which also in turn mean more business for other businesses. Wal-Mart is helping the economy by saving money for families with their lower prices. First of all, according to the document Wal-Mart provides unequal salary payment to men and women. The company uses gender discrimination to scale the wage difference to pay for it employ ees, which is unethical for employees job opportunity.Moreover, it is unfair when both men and women do the same job in the store, but women get less money than men do. In 2001, six women sued Wal-Mart in California claiming the company discriminated against them by systematically denying them promotions and paying them less than men. The grammatical case has expanded to potentially the largest class action in U. S. history on behalf of more than 1 million current and former female employees. While two-thirds of the companys hourly workers are female, women hold only third base of managerial positions and constitute less than 15 percent of store managers.The suit also claims that women are pushed into female departments and are demoted if they complain about unequal treatment. One plaintiff, a single mother of four, started at Wal-Mart in 1990 at a mere $3. 85 an hour. Even with her decided requests for training and promotions, it in like mannerk her eight years to reach $7. 32 an hour and seven years to reach management, while her male counterparts were given raises and promotions much more quickly. Secondly, the Chinese employees working for 24 hours a day and seven days a week all year round, and their wage is about $3. 0 per day. The company has milling machinery in China and it offers a low quality of life and poor work environment. Wal-Mart also charges apartment and utilities fees from the factory workers before paying their salaries. Moreover, if the workers want to hunt down out from the dorm, they still have to pay for the apartment rent to the company. Wal-Mart is paying eleven million dollars to settle Federal allegations it used illegal immigrants to clean its stores and also Wal-Mart is facing a class-action lawsuit for discrimination against $1. 6 million former and current female employees.Wal-Mart keeps its wages low even by general perseverance standards. The average supermarket employee makes $10. 35 per hour. Sales clerks at Wal-Mar t, on the other hand, made only $8. 23 per hour on average, or $13,861 per year, in 2001. About one-third of Wal-Marts employees are part-time, restricting their access to benefits. These low wages complicate employees ability to obtain essential benefits, such as health care coverage. All in all, Wal-Marts success has meant downward pressures on wages and benefits, rampant violations of basic workers ights, and threats to the standard of living in communities across the country. The success of a business need not come at the expense of workers and their families. Such short-sighted profit-making strategies ultimately undermine our economy. In conclusion, Wal-Mart is undoubtedly making the lives of millions of consumers much easier, but is it coming at too big of a cost to those that are employed by them? This is really the basis of the whole ethical versus unethical argument, and in the end both sides will probably never be able to come to an agreement.The fact of the matter is thi s, in order for a corporation to grow to the magnitude of Wal-Mart there has to be millions, if not billions of people who continue to shop there and keep putting their money into it. So the next time you are at Wal-Mart you need to take yourself, is this low price coming at too high of a cost to employees and community members? If the answer is no, then purchase that item, but if the answer is yes go ahead and walk out of the store to shop somewhere else. Just remember with whatever decision you make, the decision is always yours to choose where you will consume.

Literature Review Online Billing System

CDMA BY OKAFOR CHIDUBEM KELVIN 10690152 A SEMINAR REPORT SUBMITTED TO THE DEPARTMENT OF COMPUTER SCIENCE MOSHOOD ABIOLA POLYTECHNIC,ABEOKUTA IN PARTIAL FULFILMENT OF THE AWARD OF NATIONAL DIPLOMA IN COMPUTER SCIENCE NOVEMBER, 2012 CHAPTER 1 1. 0 INTRODUCTION Mobile communications ar cursorily becoming more than(prenominal) and more necessary for everyday activities. With so many more exploiters to accommodate, more efficient utilisation of anchor ringwidth is a precedency among cellular reverbe ramble system operators. Equally important is the security and reliability of these calls.One solution that has been offered is a CODE DIVISION MULTIPLE ACCESS organisation. CDMA is unmatchable method for implementing a eight-fold main course communication system. MULTIPLE ACCESS is a technique where many subscribers or local stations can cover the use of the use of a communication line of descent at the same date or nearly so despite the fact originate from widely different loca tions. A alley can be thought of as merely a portion of the limited radio resource, which is temporarily allocated for a specific purpose, such as somebodys ph champion call.A quadruplicate access method is a definition of how the radio spectrum is divided into channels and how the channels ar allocated to the many drug users of the system. Since there be multiple users transmitting over the same channel, a method must be established so that individual users forget not disrupt one another. There are essentially three ways to do this. Code office triplex Access is a refreshing technology utilize in wireless communication devices. This technology made its commercial debut in the early nineties.Significant advantage of the CDMA is the fact that unlike other modulation schemes it does not take on to allocate part of the oftenness for each user. It allocates whole relative frequency spectrum to each user, distinguishing each signal with the unique pseudo-random sequence. CDM A stands for Code Division dual Access. It is a skeletal system of spread-spectrum, an advanced digital wireless transmission technique. Instead of using frequencies or time expansion slots, as do traditional technologies, it uses mathematical commands to transmit and distinguish amongst multiple wireless conversations.Its bandwidth is much wider than that required for simple point-to-point communications at the same entropy rate because it uses noise-like carrier waves to spread the breeding contained in a signal of interest over a much greater bandwidth. However, because the conversations taking place are distinguished by digital codes, many users can share the same bandwidth simultaneously. We are moving into a new era of communications and information technology. Personal Competitiveness in business in relies more and more on plus personal productivity and responsiveness.Today everybody is on the move and mobile is the only way to keep contact with that person. 1 But n ow a days peoples want multimedia facilities from their mobile handset. But it requires high data rate, hi efficiency and many more technical things, which are available in third generation. (CDMA) so the CDMA TECHNOLOGY makes existing mobile handset more efficient and attractive. CDMA (3G) mobile devices and services will transform wireless communications into on-line, real time connectivity. 3G wireless technology will allow an individual to have immediate access to location-specific ervices that offer information on demand. The first generation of mobile phones consisted of the analog models that emerged in the early 1980s. The guerilla generation of digital mobile phones appeared about ten years later along with the first digital mobile net incomes. During the second generation, the mobile telecommunications industry experienced exponential growth both in terms of subscribers as well as new types of value-added services. Mobile phones are quickly becoming the preferred means of personal communication, creating the worlds largest consumer electronics industry.The rapid and efficient deployment of new wireless data and Internet services has emerged as a critical priority for communications equipment manufacturers. Network components that enable wireless data services are fundamental to the next-generation network infrastructure. Wireless data services are expected to inflict the same explosive growth in demand that Internet service and wireless instance services have seen in recent years. 1. What is CDMA? Code Division denary Access (CDMA) is a digital cellular spread-spectrum modulation technique that implements distributed voice and data networks.CDMA works by converting speech into digital information, which is then transmittable as a radio signal over a wireless network. CDMA does not assign a specific frequency to each user, but the to the panoptic available spectrum. Each signal is encoded differently using a unique code. This way CDMA enable s a large number of users to share the same frequency band at the same time, without interference. The receiving device is instructed to use the code to extract the data out of the received signal. 2 CHAPTER 2 2. 0 LITERATURE REVIEW 2. 1 HistoryThe first generation of cellular systems, which include the AMPS (Advanced Mobile speech sound Systems), was introduced in the early 1980s. These systems used analog frequency modulation (FM) and have a frequency division multiple access (FDMA) based media access control (MAC) architecture. Within a few years, market demands and capacity requirements began to grow hitting the practical limitations. These limitations cause the development of the second generation cellular systems, which improved compatibility and accommodated higher(prenominal) capacity than the first generation systems.These systems use digital modulation and processing techniques. TDMA (Time Division Multiple Access), GSM (Global System for Mobile Communication) and (narro wband) CDMA belong to the second generation systems. CDMA was introduced in 1994, by Qualcomm, Inc. Using direct sequence code division multiple access, it claimed to provide 10 times more capacity than analog systems ? far more than TDMA or GSM. Today, CDMA is the basis to the third generation market in the United States and other places in the world. 2. 2 Background A cellular system is called so because it divides the service area into small transmission areas called cells.Each cell contains a base station (BTS), which consists of a transceiver and a receiver in order to connect to mobile phones in the cell. Each cell is assigned a group of radio channels (frequencies). 3 2. 3 The Cellular Challenge The worlds first cellular networks were introduced in the early 1980s, using analog radio transmission technologies such as AMPS (Advanced Mobile Phone System). Within a few years, cellular systems began to hit a capacity ceiling as millions of new subscribers signed up for service, d emanding more and more airtime. Dropped calls and network busy signals became common in many areas.To accommodate more traffic within a limited amount of radio spectrum, the industry developed a new set of digital wireless technologies called TDMA (Time Division Multiple Access) and GSM (Global System for Mobile). TDMA and GSM used a time-sharing protocol to provide three to four times more capacity than analog systems. But just as TDMA was being standardized, an even better solution was found in CDMA. 2. 4 Commercial Development The founders of QUALCOMM realized that CDMA technology could be used in commercial cellular communications to make even better use of the radio spectrum than other technologies.They developed the make advances that made CDMA suitable for cellular, then demonstrated a working prototype and began to license the technology to telecom equipment manufacturers. The first CDMA networks were commercially launched in 1995, and provided roughly 10 times more capaci ty than analog networks far more than TDMA or GSM. Since then, CDMA has become the fastest-growing of all wireless technologies, with over 100 million subscribers worldwide. In assenting to supporting more traffic, CDMA brings many other benefits to carriers and consumers, including better voice quality, broader coverage and stronger security. CHAPTER 3 3. 0 DISCUSSION 3. 1 Multiple Access Systems A Multiple access system is the technology that specifies the way multiple users can share the same transmission medium. There are three main types of multiple access system, each of which has its own way of sharing the bandwidth ? Frequency Division Multiple Access (FDMA) ? Time Division Multiple Access (TDMA) ? Code Division Multiple Access (CDMA) FDMA and TDMA are narrowband technologies, and CDMA is wideband. FDMA and TDMA In the FDMA technology, signals from various users are assigned different frequencies.When a frequency channel is assigned to a user, no other user of the same cel l or in the neighboring cell can use it at the same time. In the TDMA technology, the information from each user is conveyed in time intervals called time slots. A few users using a different time slot might share the same frequency. When all the available time slots in a given frequency are used, a new user connecting to the system must be assigned a time slot on a different frequency. In a way, TDMA is very similar to a computer with only one processor that seems to run multiple processes simultaneously.Only one person is actually using the frequency channel at any given moment, and then has to give up the channel to allow other users to use it. Code division multiple access (CDMA) systems are spread spectrum systems in which the users are able to transmit simultaneously in the same frequency channel and use the entire systems spectrum. 5 2. FREQUENCY DIVISION MULTIPLE ACCESS In this technique, the available bandwidth is split up into non-overlapping frequency bands and these disj oint sub bands of frequency are allocated to the different users on a continuous time basis.In order to reduce interference between users allocated adjacent channel bands, channel bands are used to act as buffer zones, as illustrated in figure(1). These guard bands are necessary because of the impossibility of achieving ideal filtering for separating the different users. It could be compared to AM or FM broadcasting radio where each station has a frequency assigned. 3. 3 TIME DIVISION MULTIPLE ACCESS In this technique, each user is allocated the full spectral occupancy of The channel, but only for a short duration of time called time slot.Buffers zones are in the form of guard times are inserted between the assigned time slots. This is done to reduce interference between users by allowing for time uncertainty that arises due to system imperfections, especially in synchrony scheme. 3. 4 CODE DIVISION MULTIPLE ACCESS The above drawbacks are overcome in this third technique in which t he users are spread crossways both frequency and time in the same Channel. This is a hybrid combination of FDMA and TDMA. For example, frequency hopping may be employed to ensure during each sequential time slot, the frequency bands assigned to the users are recorded in random manner.During time slot 1, user 1 occupies frequency band 1, user 2 occupies frequency band 2, user 3 occupies band 3 and so on. During time slot 2, user 1 hops to frequency band 3, user 2 hops to band 1, user 3 hops to band 2, and so on. An important advantage of CDMA over FDMA and TDMA is that it can provide for secure communication. 6 3. 5 Generating the CDMA signal In the CDMA technique the signal transmissions among the multiple users completely overlap in both time and frequency. The musical interval between the users is made by assigning each user a unique code.Generally, CDMA converts analog voice signal to a digital signal, encodes the digital signals, and separates voice and control data into data sprouts called channels. Generating a CDMA signal is a five steps process The first step is analog to digital conversion or A/D. The incoming voice signal is an analog signal meaning that it is changing constantly, taking on all possible values of amplitude range. The CDMA uses a digital signal for its progress manipulations. That digital signal is characterized by discrete states. In that step the analog voice signal is quantized to form a digital signal consists of a few levels.The second step is voice coding or Vocoding. Voice encoding is the process of compressing the audio into as small a stream of bits as possible. The vocoder takes advantage of the pauses in speech to accomplish maximum compression. The Vocoders rate must be variable to fit the rate of the users speech activity. The third step is encoding and interleaving. This step purpose is to reduce the errors when receiving the signal. Interleaving is a method of reducing the effects of burst errors and recovering los t bits. The symbols are interleaved such that originally neighboring symbols will be transmitted far away from each other.In addition to that, the various encoding methods add redundancy to the signals to patron the recovery of information at the receiver in case of errors. The forth step is channelizing. The signal of each user if further encoded to create a separation between different users. A unique identification code is given to each user and the signals of all users are transmitted together, sharing the same frequency and time. The CDMA receiver decodes the signal by multiplying it by a decoding sequence of the desired user. 7 Two common codes types are Walsh code and PN (pseudo random noise) code The Walsh code is used for forward CDMA channel (e. . cell to mobile style of communication). Walsh codes are orthogonal, meaning that the code of each user can be decoded at the receiver only by using the same Walsh code used to transmit the signal. The PN code is used for revers e CDMA channel (e. g. mobile to cell direction of communication). A series of digital signals 0? s and 1? s goes into an antipodal mapping device to produce bit stream of negative and arrogant 1? s. Each user signal is then multiplied by the PN code series. At this moment the signals occupy a wide frequencies spectrum. The PN sequence rate is much higher than that of the original signal. It is enerated in a deterministic manner, and is repetitive. However there are about 4. 4 trillion combinations of this code, and for practical purposes we may fag that this sequence is truly random. The data signal and the PN sequence can be described mathematically as follows The data signal b(t) is expressed as pic Where picis an autarkic identically distributed random variable representing the i-th data bit. picis a building block rectangular pulse given by pic= 1 for 0 ? t ? T and zippo otherwise. T is the data bit duration. The data signal b(t) is spread using the PN sequence a(t). This PN sequence is expressed as pic Where picis the j-th chip of the periodic PN sequence. picis a unit rectangular pulse duration TC. The sequence a(t) is a binary sequence like b(t), but at a much higher rate as mentioned before. 8 The fifth step is digital to radio frequency (RF) conversion. The stream of bits should be somehow delivered from one end to the other. The RF is a method of carrying the information through the air Digital data signals are combined into one signal and converted to a RF signal for that transmission process. Returning to mathematical representation The spread data is modulated by the carrier at frequency wc radians/s, phase q and power P.The transmitted signal s(t) is then expressed as pic 9 3. 6ADVANTAGES ? INCRESED VOICE CAPACITY Voice is the major source of traffic and revenue for wireless operators, but packet data will emerge in coming years as an important source of incremental revenue. CDMA2000 delivers the highest voice capacity and packet data throu ghput using the least amount of spectrum for the lowest cost. ? higher(prenominal) DATA THROUGHPUT Todays commercial CDMA2000 1X networks (phase 1) support a peak data rate of 153. 6 kbps. CDMA2000 1xEV-DO, commercial in Korea, enables peak rates of up to 2. 4 Mbps and CDMA2000 1xEV-DV will be capable of delivering data of 3. 9 Mbps. ? INCREASED BATTERY LIFE CDMA2000 significantly enhances battery performance. Benefits include Quick paging channel operation ? modify reverse link performance ? New common channel structure and operation ? Reverse link gated transmission ? TRANSMIT DIVERSITY Transmit smorgasbord consists of de-multiplexing and modulating data into two orthogonal signals, each of them transmitted from a different antenna at the same frequency. The two orthogonal signals are generated using all Orthogonal Transmit Diversity (OTD) or Space-Time Spreading (STS).The receiver reconstructs the original signal using the diversity signals, thus taking advantage of the addi tive space and/or frequency diversity. DISADVANTAGES 1. Multi-user interference or multiple access interference(MAI) 2. Multi-path fading 3. near- for problem 10 CHAPTER 4 CONCLUSION CDMA is radically a new concept in wireless communication. It has gained widespread international acceptance by cellular radio system operators as an upgrade that will dramatically increase both their systems capacity and the service quality.Moreover it spread spectrum technology is both more secure , less probable to intercept and jam, highly private and offer higher transmission quality than TDMA because of its increase resistance to multipath distortion . The principle type of CDMA systems are direct sequence CDMA, frequency hopping CDMA and multicarrier CDMA. The major problem in CDMA is the multiple Access interference (MAI) which arises due the deviation of the spreading codes from perfect orthogonally.Capacity of CDMA is interference limited . the obvious way to increase capacity of the CDMA is t o reduce the level of interference. This is achieved by reducing cross correlation, power control and with antenna arrays. 11 REFERENCE Reference Books- Simon Haykins Communication Systems-John Willy & Sons , Fourth edition CDMA TECHNIQUES FOR THIRD GENERATION MOBILE SYSTEM by Francis Swarts ,PETER Van Rooyan , Ian Opperman & Michael P. Loyyer Reference Websites- http//www. telecomresearch. com 12

Freedom vs Happiness in Brave New World Essay

There are many things that people pursue, such as wealth, prestige, or the latest technology. Of our many pursuits, the most essential are happiness and freedom. However, a question arises can we possess both happiness and freedom? almost people may not have a clear answer for that. Brave New World, through the actions of its characters, reveals that there exists a conflict between the self-command of the two ideas.Lenina, having been conditioned to be happy, has unconsciously given up the ability to have freedoms. From birth, she was assigned the role of beta plus, trained to not seek art, scientific discipline or relationships. All of her material needs and wants are met. Nothing can make her feel sadness or desire. Thus, her motive to pursue freedom is non existent. If something against her teach comes up, she will feel confused and uncomfortable. While on vacation at the Savage Reservation, she witnesses the savage society, where people have families, religion, and natural ag ing. She feels disgusted by it, as well awful (pg 116), so she goes on Soma holiday to forget about what she has seen. While over the roaring waves of the English Channel, Lenina cannot come to admire the beauty of nature, She was nauseate by the rushing emptiness among the hastening clouds (pg. 90). When John professes his love to her, Lenina is unable to understand his feelings, shes only familiar with physical/sexual relationships, For Fords involvement John, talk sense youre driving me crazy (pg. 191). Although her body is free, she lacks spiritual freedom, whether it be in terms of relationships, natural, or cultural beauty.Opposite to Lenina, John grew up sharing the values of the Indians and William Shakespeare, which are in opposition to those of the World State. Once he comes in contact with civilization, he realises that his values are jilted by the civilized people. For example, he loves Lenina very much, but gets angry and insulted when she doesnt understand his motiv es and tries to initiate sex, get out of my sight or Ill fine-tune you (pg. 194). When his mother dies, he becomes upset with the death conditioning of the children and interferes with it, The savage looked down at him did not even look round (pg 207). Finally, frustrated with the civilized world, he tries to lead a group of Deltas by warning them on the negative effects

History of chocolate Essay

- java is one of the oldest treats enjoyed by many people. I have love umber ever since I was a little girl. I have enjoyed the different tastes, textures, and styles of it. I want to share with you the history of chocolate, types of chocolate, and some benefits from eating chocolate. Chocolates history started over 2,000 years ago. It began in the tropical rainforests of Central and S offh America from the seed of the cacao tree. This small tree grows best in the tropical atmosphere because it receives the best amount of rain, shade, humidity, wind, and nutrients.A. According to Susan J. Terrio, the author of Crafting the Culture and History of French Chocolate, the first people known to have made chocolate were the ancient cultures of Mexico and Central America. These people, including the Maya and Aztec, mixed ground cacao seeds with various seasonings to make a spicy, frothy drink. This was the very first way that chocolate was consumed Chocolate contend a special role in both M ayan and Aztec royal and religious events. Priests presented cocoa beans as offerings to the gods and served cocoa drinks during sacred ceremonies.All of the areas that were conquered by the Aztecs that grew cocoa beans were staged to pay them as a tax, or as the Aztecs called it, a tribute. 2 The Europeans sweetened and lightened the drink by adding refined sugar and milk, ingredients the people in Mesoamerica did not use. By contrast, Europeans never integrated it into their general diet, but compartmentalized its use for sweets and desserts. In the 19th century, Briton John Cadbury developed an emulsification process to make upstanding chocolate, creating the modern chocolate bar. For hundreds of years, the chocolate making process remained unchanged.When the Industrial Revolution arrived, many changes occurred that brought the hard, sweet candy to life. In the 18th century, mechanical mills were created that squeezed out cocoa butter, which in turn helped to create hard, durab le chocolate. 3 But it was not until the arrival of the Industrial Revolution that these mills were put to bigger use. Not abundant after the revolution cooled down, companies began advertising this new invention to sell many of the chocolate treats seen today. 4 When new machines were produced, people began experiencing and consuming chocolate worldwide.

Interpersonal skills are the life skill Essay

Inter soulfulnessal skills are the conduct skills all the human-being used every day to contact and interface with others, both separately and in throngs. race who have worked on growing strong inter psycheal skills are normally more successful in their masterly and personal live. Good interpersonal skills allow us to participate effectively as a member of a team. Moreover, employability skills can be defined as the transferable skills assumeed by a personal. Beside with good practical understanding and issue knowledge, employers often summarize a set of skills that they want from an employee. According to Cotton (2001), he said employers want employees to give employability skills that employers value generic employability skills over specific occupational (technical) skills and that employers consider many entry?level job applications to lack the required employability skills and express deep concerns regarding this deficiency. It is a fair conclusion then that those skills b racketed within the term employability skills are fast becoming a requirement for affair rather than desirable, and that employers see the responsibility for the phylogenesis of such skills lying with educational institutions.According to the personal strength survey results, I am a committed and responsible teammate, I always do my own part well, and I give contribute for the success of my group work. Moreover, I never give up anything halfway. I will nonetheless of what I do, I commence it with anticipation and vitality. Additionally, I will not get disturbed when I work, and I take happiness in completing tasks. I work hard to finish what I begin. No matter what project I get, I will submit my work in time. Uniquely, I normally offer the stack who make wrong a second chance and I forgive those who done me wrong. For me, my personal principle is be mercy not revenge to others. Furthermore, I do a great job organizing activities and supervise that what they work. I will stay ha rmony within the group by making everyone feel themselves is the one of the significant and encouraging a group to get the tasks done. Besides that, the people who feel most close to me are the same people to whom I feel most close. In particular those in which caring and sharing are reciprocated.As well, my family members and my friends understand that I am an appreciative person because I usually demonstrate my thanks to them. I am aware of the great things that happen at me, and I never take them as allowed. Comparatively, I am an honest person, whether by telling the truth or by living my life in anauthentic and true way. I am cumulus to this world and without dissimulation. Likewise, my attitude aspect my actions and are an origin of repose to me. I also have reasonable and strong attitude about the advanceder motivation and meaning of the circle. In contrast, I am not a creativity person, I could not find something new and more creative when presenting something. I will imp rove my creativity by read the magazines, trade journals, and other literature in my field to make sure I am not outdated. other(a) than that, I must gain creative as my hobbies. Hobbies can also help me to relax. An active mind is necessary for creative growth.Furthermore, I am rickety on making judgement. Sometimes I cannot make a decision when facing problem. Although I know that is an important thing, but I am not able to change my mind. I have to solve this weakness from myself, I have to truly believe I have the authority and power to make for our judgement and decision history around. Based on the employability skills survey results, one of my powerful employability skills is negotiating and persuading. Mainly, I would expanding a line of reasoned noise and importance the arbitrary views of my argument. Similarly, I will understanding the needs of the person I am trading with at all the time. This is because we can know more details of the person and what he needs. I als o like to challenge the points of view expressed by others.Of course, my co-operating skills is very strong. I can focus on the behaviour which need to be improved and being cocksure rather than obedient and energetic. Not only I presenting my own plan effectively in a group but also proceed a part of the responsibility in a group. I can giving enthusiastic, useful feedback to others and learning from enthusiastic evaluation. My create verbally communication is one of my weakness. For example, I cannot analysing, gathering and arranging data in a rational section. In the same way, I also cannot succeed my disagreement in a rational way and briefly outline the content. But I will try to improve this weakness by thinking stadium in advance what I want to say. Moreover, I will adopting my writing style for different audiences.In my opinion, many people think an occupation for life is no longer a choice nowadays. Most people will hold their career with a diversity of employers and pa ss across different employment zone through their working life. We all need to be adjustable in our working arrangements and beprepared to change jobs or sectors if we have confident in a better chances. But most of the employer require the employee should work well with other people, including the ability to work co-operatively towards common goals, provide a high level of customer services. Hence, we have to understand our interpersonal and employability skill, so that we can improve our weakness as well.References1) Cotton, K. (2001), Developing Employability Skills, Northwest Regional Educational query Laboratory, Portland, OR, available at www.nwrel.org/scpd/sirs/8/c015.html (accessed 18November2014).

External and Internal Environmental Analysis Essay

External and internal environmental analysis is a critical component for an organization seeking to achieve its goals. The follow information indoors this paper presents a complete external environmental and an internal competitive environmental scan for JetBlue Airways. The information provided identifies and analyzes the most important external environmental component in the remote, exertion, and external operating environments. When addressing external environment it speaks to a set of forces and conditions outside the organization that can influence its performance. The most common forces include political, economic, social, technological, environmental, and court-ordered (or PESTEL).The paper will further identify and analyze the key internal specialisations and weaknesses of JetBlue Airways. When addressing the internal environment it speaks to the key factors and forces within the organization affecting its operation. The internal strength and weaknesses will cover an asse ssment of the JetBlue Airways resources, their competitive position and possibilities within. Lastly the following will analyze the structure of JetBlue and how this affects organizational performance.External environmental FactorsFor JetBlue external environmental factors cover political, economic, social, technological, environmental, and legal. The most important external environmental factors in the remote, industry, and external operating environment of JetBlue can be expanded by dint of opportunities and threats. Opportunities encompass expansion, such as increasing routes and destinations within the U.S. Global expansion falls within expansion as well, while JetBlue has many successful partnerships with global airlines there is further potential abroad. Threats include fuel costs, advanced technology, and government relations. Fuel costs and advanced technology are almost synonymous.The increasing cost of fuel in turnincreases operational costs. Advanced technology is a ke y factor in this space as well given new-fangled planes for example, have the technology to utilize less fuel in flight. Governmental regulations and legalities are another key threat for JetBlue. Airline regulations can increase expenses and potentially create inefficiency in operations in order to meet regulation requirements. Additionally, restrictions related to international trade, tax policy, and competition can thwart expansion efforts. inner(a) Strengths and WeaknessesJetBlue is a pro at utilizing its resources and structure. As such, JetBlue has proven to be efficient in its internal environment. Out of the physical and gracious aspects of the internal environment JetBlue pointes on human as the key factor. JetBlue views its employees and their skills as the key to a successful structure by emphasizing elements of loyalty, satisfaction, service quality, productivity, capability, and output quality. JetBlue reflects a culture of employees that guess how to retain custome rs and can perform under discordant situations with an equally varied consumer base. In addition to human capital, JetBlue uses physical assets to set them apart from the rest.The airline legislate of JetBlue is very precisely selected. From its new Airbus A321 to its Airbus 320, JetBlue prides itself on comfort and luxury. Other perks offered by JetBlue include lower priced airfare compared to that of its competitors and in-flight entertainment options that succeed its competition. Internal weaknesses include a small base of destinations compared to its competitors, which could be viewed as a product of their smaller planes and perhaps weaker denounce recognition given its newness in the airline market. The weakness can be strengthened with expanding their location/market base.Competitive PositionMajor players in the U.S. airline industry include Delta Air Lines, United Continental, American Airlines, Southwest Airlines, and JetBlue Airways. In 2013 many consolidations trim do wn the number of top players, such as U.S. Airways with American West, Northwest with Delta, United with Continental, AirTrans with Southwest, and American with U.S. Airways. Those carries, including JetBlue and Alaska, account for more than 90% of the U.S. market look at (Cederholm, 2013). With the number of competitors in times of low ormoderate industry growth, the competition increases as each one tries to woo the consumer base. JetBlue is still the new minor so it is hard to say if its resources are inimitable. JetBlues low cost operations are interrelated to other activities in the organization like human resource management and technology development. If JetBlue were to reinforce competencies, with its efficient low-cost operations, it can find a sustainable competitive advantage making it a non-imitable organization.JetBlues competitive advantage is built off of differentiation and cost leadership. Differentiation comes with a strong brand image. JetBlue provides this imag e by its customer service and various in-flight features such as increased legroom and entertainment options per seat. JetBlue achieves cost leadership through efficient operations. JetBlues new planes minimize fuel costs and increases revenue per flight. not offering in flight meals allows for quick turnarounds and overall reduced costs. The differentiation strategy and its features do risk ease of imitation or differentiate ones brand past the point of consumer support.If JetBlue continues to employ a combination of these strategies it will have an increased approach in outperforming its rivals. Superior performance will come through combined low-cost services with a differentiated offering as JetBlue does. As JetBlue moves onward, the extent to which it can maintain the integration of low-cost and differentiation will determine whether its competitive advantage is sustainable.StructureThe structure of JetBlue is likely very simple compared to its counterparts. The highest of qua lity in customer service, one style of plane, a focus on environment, all this reflects its culture. With the human aspect being their highest priority they put a lot of thought into how they hire, train, set expectations, and monitor their employee base. JetBlue trains employees, provides compensation (likely more give than the competitors), and equally provides empowerment among its employee base. JetBlue Airways seeks to hire and train great people (human focus), develop purpose, vision, and values. JetBlue operates on a strong organizational culture, where one listens to its customers and employees, cultivates leadership, and provided incentive.SummaryThe airline industry is exposed to upturns and downturns with economy trends. With that a growing economy creates a greater demand for air travel, whereas a decrease in the economy means reduced demand and intensified competition. JetBlue has managed to maintain a quality brand as a newer airline, in the face of some significant c hallenges, such as the disaster of 9/11. JetBlue Airways new planes, competitively low fares, non-unionized labor, thus far an effective business model, and strong emphasis on the human element, it remains to provide a foothold in them market as a solid competitor regardless of its external threats and internal weaknesses.ReferencesCederholm, T. (2013, September 3). Overview External factors that influence the airline industry. Retrieved whitethorn 31, 2015, from http//marketrealist.com/2014/09/must-know-external-factors-influencing-airline-industry/ JetBlue Airline Tickets, Flights, and Airfare. (n.d.). Retrieved May 25, 2015, from http//www.jetblue.com

Development Project – comparing Canada and Kenya

BriefIn this project, I gravel been asked to show the discipline of ii countries. The information was researched from books, resources, net etc.MethodThe two countries that I hurt elect to write about Is Canada and Kenya. I have elect Canada because of its interesting incidents and the detail that it is a positive country. The other(a) country I have chosen is Kenya, I ingest this because it is a developing country and I wanted to deliberate the similarities and differences between them. I also wanted to choose Kenya because of its interesting features and cultures.There many factors to focus on, in this project so I ordain both(prenominal) show my findings and research in forms of tables, pie charts, bar charts.TABLE OF FINDINGSI have researched my two countries using the internet. I then printed this information out to show that I have done my research. To make life untold simpler, I collect the necessary parts of the research, and complied this into one easy to read Table of FindingsThe 12 FactorsAs you can see, I have chosen 12 factors to comp ar the two countriesI have chosen Roadways, Railways and Airports because I wanted to see the station difference. I was hoping this would then show the huge difference of how developed one country is and how developing the other is. A MEDC would have a high number of shift facilities because of their wealth. A LEDC would have a small amount of transport facilities. The effect of not having these transport facilities could mean(a) that they could be losing valuable money. This is because when they have the produce e.g. food, products. There is no way in which they can transport it to other parts of the world. This is shown as Canada has 1.042,300 km of roadways, whereas Kenya has and 63,547 km of Roadway. Meaning Canada has a superior development over Kenya.I chose Internet users, Telephone Mobile Cellular and Internet host because of it interesting fact and figures. I was hoping this information/re search would show how modern the country is with new electronic gadgets. I theorise that, it would be recommended that a country have a high technologic wealth, because the 21st century is all gadgets and tech. A MEDC would have a high number of communications and gadgets because they can throw to have surround lines and other sources of causation.Whereas a LEDC has a much humbleer number simply because the wealth is not there and they cannot afford to have the sources of power e.g. Telephone exchanges and telephone lines. In the table, you can Cleary see that Canada has outlying(prenominal) to a greater extent(prenominal) internet users, having over 25,000mill. Whereas the developing country Kenya, hardly has 3.36mill. As Canada has the higher number of users, they are able to dish out with overseas businesses, and increase their economy estimate. Kenya has a select minority of Users meaning there are moreover some raft trading with overseas countries. Meaning that econ omy say could be much higher, if only they were able to boost the amount of trade happening around the world.I have chosen crude oil Consumptions, Exports, gross domestic product per Capita because I was hoping it would show the wealth of each of my country. As I have information about their trading and the countys average pay. The MEDCs in the world have a high economy rate because of its power and trading. Although Kenya trade with other countries it still has a lower rate proving it is a LEDC.I have chosen stand rate, Literacy, and Infant mortality rate because bring forth rateThis should show how developed the country is because the lower the Birth rate the more developed the country is. This is because a higher birth rate intend a higher population. This creates other critical issues, to do with accommodation and the countrys wealth. However the lower this outcome is the better because just about of these issues are evaded and therefore a more powerful and wealthy nation. LiteracyAs shown in the Table of Findings the Literacy rate for Canada is very high meaning that there educational system has been effective. This also mean that higher payment net choke for new qualified employed of the future. This in turn would boost the GDP per Capita because the higher earnings would increase the average. However, for Kenya it is much different story because there Literacy rate. They only have 90.60% male, and a 79.97% female literacy rate, which means that there education system is only applied to a selected minority (only the rich.) A MEDC would have a very high percentage because they are able to fund schools and other resources to educate students and adults. An LEDC has minimum pecuniary resource for education, so its GDP and economy rate would be lower.Infant MortalityInfant mortality rate is the number of newborns under the age of five, divided by the number of live births during the year.As you can see from the information produced, Canada has a very low Infant Mortality Rate. This is very good statistics because they have more live birth than demolition. As a MEDC, these statistics indicate that the health care system is of high standards. They are clean, hygienic and have high success rate. Kenya however has a very high Infant Mortality rate. Meaning that they have an unsuccessful birth rate and a very high child death rate, This LEDC has very poor health standard for hospitals. The rich may have private doctors for their own use, plainly for the large population, Hospital health care is unhygienic and unfunded. This means that they have a very low success rate.My represent shows me that Canada has a high bar meaning that it has a very high GDP per Capita. However, Kenya has a low bar meaning that it has a very poor GDP per Capita rate.This means that on average the salary in Kenya is only 1,600 per person, for an economy to grow this number essentials to increase. This is caused by dangerous, underpaid jobs, which mitig ate the rate of GDP per Capita. Therefore, this indicates me that Kenya is less developed whereas Canada id much more developed. The effect of this are- economy wont increase, meaning it will be harder for them to develop.This information researched over on the internet was quite surprising for Kenya. I was expecting the Exports rate for it to be much higher as they are trading with foreign countries, with food and products. This means it is less developed. I esteem I have also chosen good countries to write about, because one is very underdeveloped and the other has a huge difference than Kenya.As you can see from this bar chart, you can instanter see that Canada has a bigger bar chart. So what does this mean? This means that, Canada has 5.221 million more telephone receivers than Kenya. Thus, Kenya has less telephone communication than Canada. The effect of this are that they less communication with other countries, and less trading.This graph is showing the amount of internet u sers there are in Kenya and Canada. As you can clearly see, Canada has far more users than Kenya. This advantage can be very useful in the 21st century, because most volume interact using social networking sites, and this can have a damaging effect on the countries that do not have many users. This is because business happens on the internet, and products, which Kenya make and grow, can be bought over the internet, only not having many users means they are losing lots of money.Measuring DevelopmentThis table shows a similitude of the two countries. It ranks each country by the factors chosen, the better the number for each factor, it is ranked as 1. If it is worse than it is ranked 2. It can be ranked by how ever many countrys you write about. In this case, it is only 2 countries, but in other tables, it can be 5 etc. Therefore, the rank for 5 countries is added up and the lower the numbers are the most developed. However, the higher the number the less developed it is. cultureN ow that I have finished my project, I have analysed all my data and have reason out that Kenya is far more underdeveloped/developing than Canada. This is because they are not branching out amongst other countries with the internet and other communication. This can be shown it the Internet Users Pie Chart it clearly shows the small minority of people using the internet.From all my data and analysis, I can confidently say Canada is a MEDC. Whereas, Kenya is an LEDC. This is shown by the pie charts I have done. The Exports Bar chart has clearly shown that Canada has far more export income than Kenya, in fact more than most countries. This is because of its communication with other countries and nation. This is again referring to the amount of Internet users, each country has to trade. Kenya is of course a developing country, it has a high Birth rate, and a high Infant Mortality.However, Kenya can change. There are key points, for them to become developed.* Equal Societies- There are different tribes and cultures within Kenya, and if they are to become refer to an equal society, it would save money with no more fighting. (Buildings from fighting wont have too be restored)* license from Poverty- Poverty is almost like an accessory in Kenya. It wont go away until they act on it. They need support from other Nations and countries (through communication) to bring down the rate of deaths from this killer.EvaluationHow could I of improved my project?I have had many lessons for this project. Unfortunately, I did not finish within the lessons, and so I had to do it as homework. I think I need the extra homework extension, because I did not manage my succession wisely. Otherwise, I would have finished it within the time bracket. I think that I could have presented my work neater on paper, as I had to type it up on the computer.More/different factors?I think that I should have picked more factors to do with population. This is because I only have information about Birt h rate, and not Death rate or Life Expectancy. I think telephone mobile cellular was inappropriate because I did not know what it was.Presentation of Data?I think that I should have presented some of the data in a population pyramid. This is an easier way of telling whether it is developed on not, because of it shape. unfaithful or surprising factors?I did not find any inaccurate date, because I used up to date figures for my project. I was very surprised with some of the factors to do with Kenya. Exports were very surprising because I would have expected this to be quite high. They normally trade food product with many countries and given this information, I was expecting it to be high.

Zoe’s Tale PART I Chapter One

The flying saucer landed on our front commonalty and a subatomic special K domain got out of it.It was the flying saucer that got my attention. Green men bent truly unheard of w here(predicate)(predicate) I aim from. on the whole the colonial Defense Forces were green its infract of the genetic engineering they do on them to help them fight better. Chlorophyll in the skin gives them the extra energy they get for truly first-class alien stomping.We didnt get many Colonial Defense Force soldiers on Huckleberry, the resolution I lived on it was an established colony and we hadnt been seriously attacked in a couple of decades. still the Colonial Union goes out of its way to permit every colonist hunch over all about the CDF, and I k raw more about them than faithful. moreover the flying saucer, well. Thats novel. New Goa is a farming community. Tractors and harvesters and animal-drawn wagons, and wheeled public buses when we precious to live feeling on the edge and v isit the provincial capital. An actual flying transport was a rargon thing indeed. Having integrity small enough for a single passenger land on our lawn was definitely not an everyday occurrence.Would you like Dickory and me to go out and meet him? asked hickory. We watched from inside the house as the green man pulled himself out of the transport.I pick uped over at hickory. Do you commend hes an actual threat? I think if he wanted to attack us, he could have merely dropped a rock n roll on the house while he was flying over it.I am always for prudence, Hickory said. The unsaid portion of that sentence was when you are involved. Hickory is very sweet, and paranoid.Lets try the first line of refutal instead, I said, and walked over to the screen door. Babar the mutt was standing at it, his front paws up on the door, reprobation the genetic fate that left him without opposable thumbs or the brains to pull the door instead of pushing on it. I opened the door for him he took take out like a furry heat-seeking slobber missile. To the green mans credit, he took a knee and greeted Babar like an old friend, and was generously coated in dog tosh for his pains.Good thing hes not soluble, I said to Hickory.Babar is not a very good watchdog, Hickory said, as it watched the green man play with my dog.No, hes genuinely not, I agreed. But if you ever need something really moistened, hes got you covered.I will remember that for future reference, Hickory said, in that noncommittal way designed for dealings with my sarcasm.Do that, I said, and opened the door again. And stay in here for now, please.As you say, Zoe, Hickory said.Thanks, I said, and walked out to the porch.By this time the green man had gotten to the porch steps, Babar bouncing behind him. I like your dog, he said to me.I see that, I said. The dogs only so-so about you.How can you tell? he asked.Youre not completely bathed in saliva, I said.He laughed. Ill try harder next time, he said.Remember to sum a towel, I said.The green man motioned to the house. This is study Perrys house?I hope so, I said. whole his stuff is here.This earned me about a two-second pause.Yes, as it happens, I am a sarcastic lesser thing. Thanks for asking. It comes from living with my dad all these years. He considers himself quite the wit I dont sleep with how I feel about that one, personally, just I will say that its made me pretty forward when it comes to comebacks and quips. accommodate me a soft lob, Ill be happy to spike it. I think its endearing and charming so does Dad. We may be in the minority with that opinion. If goose egg else its enkindle to see how other people answer to it. Some people think its cute. Others not so much.I think my green friend felled seam into the not so much camp, because his response was to change the subject. Im sorry, he said. I dont think I shaft who you are.Im Zoe, I said. Major Perrys daughter. Lieutenant Sagans, too.Oh, right, he said. Im sorry. I pi ctured you as younger.I used to be, I said.I should have known you were his daughter, he said. You look like him in the eye.Fight the urge, the polite part of my brain said. Fight it. Just let it go.Thank you, I said. Im adopted.My green friend stood there for a minute, doing that thing people do when theyve precisely stepped in it freezing and putting a smile on their face while their brain strips its gears trying to figure how its going to extract itself out of this faux pas. If I leaned in, I could probably hear his frontal lobes go click click click click, trying to reset.See, now, that was just mean, said the polite part of my brain.But come on. If the guy was calling Dad Major Perry, indeed he probably knew when Dad was discharged from service, which was eight years ago. CDF soldiers cant make babies thats part of their combat-effective genetic engineering, dont you know no accidental kids so his earliest opportunity to spawn would have been when they put him in a new, reg ular body at the end of his service term. And then theres the whole nine months gestation thing. I might have been a little small for my age when I was 15, but I settle you, I didnt look seven.Honestly, I think theres a limit to how great(p) I should feel in a situation like that. Grown men should be able to handle a little basic math.Still, theres only so long you can leave someone on the hook. You called Dad Major Perry, I said. Did you know him from the service?I did, he said, and seemed happy that the conversation was moving forward again. Its been a while, though. I wonder if Ill recognize him.I imagine he looks the same, I said. possibly a distinguishable skin tone.He chuckled at that. I animadvert thats true, he said. Being green would make it a little more difficult to portmanteau in.I dont think he would ever quite blend in here, I said, and then immediately realized all the very many ways that tilt could be misinterpreted.And of course, my visitor wasted no time do ing just that. Does he not blend? he asked, and then bent down to pat Babar.Thats not what I meant, I said. Most of the people here at Huckleberry are from India, back on Earth, or were born here from people who came from India. Its a assorted culture than the one he grew up in, thats all.I understand, the green man said. And Im sure he gets along very well with the people here. Major Perry is like that. Im sure thats why he has the job he has here. My dads job was as an ombudsman, someone who helps people cut through government bureaucracy. I guess Im just curious if he likes it here. What do you mean? I asked.I was just wondering how hes been enjoying his retirement from the universe, is all, he said, and looked back up at me.In the back of my brain something went ping. I was unawares aware that our elegant and casual conversation had somehow become something less casual. Our green visitor wasnt just here for a social call.I think he likes it fine, I said, and kept from saying anything else. Why?Just curious, he said, petting Babar again. I fought off the urge to call my dog over. Not everyone makes the jump from military life to civilian life perfectly. He looked around. This looks like a pretty sedate life. Its a pretty orotund switch.I think he likes it just fine, I repeated, putting enough emphasis on the rowing that unless my green visitor was an absolute toad, hed know to move on.Good, he said. What about you? How do you like it here?I opened my mouth to respond, and then shut it just as quickly. Because, well. There was a question.The view of living on a human colony is more exciting than the reality. Some folks new to the concept think that people out in the colonies go from planet to planet all the time, perchance living on one planet, working on another and then having vacations on a third base the pleasure planet of Vacationaria, maybe. The reality is, sadly, far more boring. Most colonists live their whole lives on their alkali planet, an d never get out to see the rest of the universe.Its not impossible to go from planet to planet, but theres usually a reason for it Youre a member of the crew on a trade ship, drag fruit and wicker baskets between the stars, or you get a job with the Colonial Union itself and suck a glorious career as an interstellar bureaucrat. If youre an athlete, theres the Colonial Olympiad every four years. And occasionally a famous musician or actor will do a grand tour of the colonies.But mostly, youre born on a planet, you live on a planet, you die on a planet, and your subtlety hangs around and annoys your descendants on that planet. I dont suppose theres really anything bad about that I mean, most people dont actually go more than a couple dozen kilometers from their homes most of the time in day-to-day life, do they? And people hardly see most of their own planet when they do finalise to wander off. If youve never seen the sights on your own planet, I dont know how much you can really repine about not seeing a whole other planet.But it helps to be on an interesting planet.In case this ever gets back to Huckleberry I cope Huckleberry, really I do. And I love New Goa, the little town where we lived. When youre a kid, a rural, agriculturally-based colony town is a lot of pastime to grow up in. Its life on a farm, with goats and chickens and fields of wheat and sorghum, harvest celebrations and winter festivals. Theres not an eight- or nine-year-old kid whos been invented who doesnt find all of that unspeakably fun. But then you become a adolescent and you start thinking about everything you might possibly want to do with your life, and you look at the options accessible to you. And then all farms, goats and chickens and all the same people youve known all your life and will know all your life begin to look a little less than optimal for a essence life experience. Its all still the same, of course. Thats the point. Its you whos changed.I know this bit of teen age angst wouldnt make me any contrasting than any other small-town teenager who has ever existed throughout the history of the known universe. But when even the too large city of a colony the district capital of Missouri City holds all the mystery and reverie of watching compost, its not unreasonable to hope for something else.Im not saying that theres anything wrong with Missouri City (theres nothing wrong with compost, either you actually need it). Maybe its better to say its the sort of place you come back to, once youve gone out and had your time in the big city, or the big bad universe. One of the things I know about florists chrysanthemum is that she loved it on Huckleberry. But before she was here, she was a finicky Forces soldier. She doesnt talk too much about all the things shes seen and done, but from personal experience I know a little bit about it. I cant imagine a whole life of it. I think shed say that shed seen enough of the universe.Ive seen some of the univ erse, too, before we came to Huckleberry. But unlike Jane unlike Mom I dont think Im ready to say Huckleberrys all I want out of a life.But I wasnt sure I wanted to say any of that to this green guy, who I had become suddenly rather suspicious of. Green men falling from the sky, asking after the psychological states of various family members including oneself, are enough to make a girl paranoid about whats going on. Especially when, as I suddenly realized, I didnt actually get the guys name. Hed gotten this far into my family life without actually saying who he was.Maybe this was just something hed innocently managed to overlook this wasnt a formal interview, after all but enough bells were annulus in my head that I decided that my green friend had had enough free information for one day.Green man was looking at me intently, waiting for me to respond. I gave him my best noncommittal shrug. I was fifteen years old. Its a quality age for shrugging.He backed off a bit. I dont supp ose your dad is home, he said.Not yet, I said. I checked my PDA and showed it to him. His workday finished up a few minutes ago. He and Mom are probably walking home.Okay. And your mom is constable here, right?Right, I said. Jane Sagan, frontier law woman. Minus the frontier. It fit her. Did you know Mom, too? I asked. Special Forces was an entirely different thing from regular infantry.Just by reputation, he said, and again there was that analyse casual thing.Folks, a little tip Nothing is more transparent than you try for casual and miss. My green friend was missing it by a klick, and I got tired of feeling lightly groped for information.I think Ill go for a walk, I said. Mom and Dad are probably right down the road. Ill let them know youre here.Ill go with you, Green man offered.Thats all right, I said, and motioned him onto the porch, and to our porch swing. Youve been traveling. Have a seat and relax.All right, he said. If youre comfortable having me here while youre gone. I think that was meant as a joke.I smiled at him. I think itll be fine, I said. Youll have play along.Youre leaving me the dog, he said. He sat.Even better, I said. Im leaving you two of my friends. This is when I called into the house for Hickory and Dickory, and then stood away from the door and watched my visitor, so I wouldnt miss his expression when the two of them came out.He didnt quite wet his pants.Which was an accomplishment, all things considered. Obin which is what Hickory and Dickory are dont look exactly like a cross between a spider and a giraffe, but theyre close enough to make some part of the human brain fire up the drop stabilize alert. You get used to them after a bit. But the point is it takes a while.This is Hickory, I said, pointing to the one at the left of me, and then pointed to the one at my right. And this is Dickory. Theyre Obin.Yes, I know, my visitor said, with the sort of tone youd expect from a very small animal trying to pretend that being cornere d by a straddle of very large predators was not that big of a deal. Uh. So. These are your friends.Best friends, I said, with what I tangle was just the right amount of brainless gush. And they love to entertain visitors. Theyll be happy to keep you company while I go look for my parents. Isnt that right? I said to Hickory and Dickory.Yes, they said, together. Hickory and Dickory are fairly monotone to begin with having them be monotone in stereo offers an additional and delightful creepy-crawly effect.Please say hello to our guest, I said.Hello, they said, again in stereo.Uh, said Green man. Hi.Great, everybodys friends, I said, and stepped off the porch. Babar left our green friend to follow me. Im off, then.You sure you dont want me to come along? Green man said. I dont mind.No, please, I said. I dont want you to feel like you have to get up for anything. My eyes sort of casually flicked over at Hickory and Dickory, as if to imply it would be a shame if they had to make stea ks out of him.Great, he said, and settled onto the swing. I think he got the hint. See, thats how you do studied casual.Great, I said. Babar and I headed off down the road to find my folks.

Manuela Almeida

The teenaged years are for virtu all toldy the most traumatic or wonderful years they give constantly experience. Many experiences through these years decide how individuals will act as adults, the paths they will take in life, the careers they will choose, and if and how they raise their families. I remember a choice that I made as a teenager that would forever change my life. To this day, that choice still affects me.Choosing not to go to a party with my relay transmitters saved my life. My garters were in a terrible car accident leaving the party, and one of them did not survive. This experience has bear upon the choices I make today. Because of the loss of my friend, I do not take unnecessary risks, I superintend my behavior in friendly situations, and I have a greater respect for life.Losing my friend when I was a teenager has made me very cautious about getting into potentially dangerous situations. beneficial as the night I chose not to go to the party, I often opt out of celebrations that complicate alcoholic beverage or have the potential to offer drugs. I usually will go to the drinking chocolate shop or to dinner with a friend or family member instead. Potentially dangerous or volatile friends scare me as well. I wearyt get close to risk takers for the disquietude of losing them.My group of friends in high school was a little bit wild, and since the night of the party that took my friends life, I have changed my circle of friends. I dont go to the clubs to drink, but will go to dance every now and again if I am going with another friend who is also planning on staying sober. Even when I stay in, I do not extend to in dangerous behaviors. I do not drink alcohol or take drugs. supernumerary risks are just that unnecessary.Going out doesnt mean the same thing to me now as it did to me in high school. Then, it was all about finding a place to party, listening to music, drinking alcohol illegally, and hooking up with people. Since that f ateful night years ago, I monitor my behavior in social situations very carefully. Before even going out, I make sure that I have a safe friend to accompany me.I make sure that I am always nimble with a cell phone and extra money in case nearlything happens and that someone in my family knows where I am at all times. When I do go to a club to do some dancing, I dont drink, and I leave well before 1 a.m., which is when people take care to be getting the most drunk and impaired. Again, I try not to attract any risky people by portraying myself as wild. I keep a careful eye on what is going on around me at all times. I can still have merriment, dont get me wrong, but my friends closing is never far from my memory when I am around alcohol.Since the loss of my friend, I value life much more. As a teen, I thought I was invincible and that I knew it all, as most teens do. I snuck around behind my get ups backs without permission to do the things I wanted to do. I knew it was wrong, b ut I didnt care. I did not see the value in my young life and the potential that I had for my future. I did not care about my parents or family members feelings I was very self-centered. I just wanted to have fun and live my life.The moment I lost my friend, I realized that the hardly people who were guaranteed to be there for me through my life were my parents and my family. I turned to them for support and guidance through the ordeal. They became more specific to me than they had been in a long time, and I valued them. I also valued myself more since I saw how important I was to them. I witnessed the grief of my friends family members and could not imagine my family having to breast the same fate unnecessarily. If I could prevent something terrible from happening to me, I would do that not only for myself, but for them as well.Teenagers think they are invincible. They take risks. Part of this is just growing up. I took some risks that could have ended my life, and so did my fri ends. Fortunately, I skipped out on that night and made a make better choice. Since that night I have also made better choices and it has improved my life tremendously. I check up on what I do and where I do it. I am aware of my surroundings at all times. I reach out to my family and keep in touch with them and let them know that I am OK. I value my family and their support and love and realize what a special person I am in this world to them. Because of tragedy, I have become a better person. My friends death still haunts me, but it also keeps me sober and aware of my own precious life.

Disinvestment: Capitalism and Public Sector

DISINVESTMENT BOON OR BANE INTRODUCTION 1. universe enterprises ar neither new nor unique to India. In good old days, Kautilya in his Arthasastra talked of a popular domain. A psyche was made incharge of salt creationufacture and fixing its price. Similarily there were people made responsible for mining, coinage and gold, in all in man celestial sphere. Nowadays there is hardly any country that is non prosecute actively and directly in the management of scotch and industrial enterprises.Various names hold upn to these enterprises argon Public Sector Undertakings or PSUs, Public Sector Enterprise or PSEs, Trading Corporations, State have Enterprise or SOEs, g all overnance Owned Enterprise or GOE etcetera 2. The role of government in personal credit linees and otherwise has been questioned in the previous(prenominal). Thoreau said , That government is best which governs least. The lonesome(prenominal) purpose of government would be to harbor its citizens from fo rce or fraud.The protection from force, that is, the protection of individual rights, would be achieved through the use of a police force to protect the rights of citizens at home a military, to protect the rights of citizens from remote aggression and a court system to enforce contracts and settle disputes between citizens. It is not government business to do business. The myopic performance of government owned enterprises around the introduction led to a field wide secession of government from businesses and coining of a new term called Privatisation.Privatisation surgery in India is euphemistically called Disinvestment to make it palatable to those who handle privatisation a dirty word. Disinvestment or privatisation in India was initiated in 1991-92 by the Chandrashekhar government and carried forward by incidental governments. AIM 3. The aim of this paper is to study various aspects of Disinvestment so as to conclude whether it is a donation or bane for India. SCOPE 4. The paper would be covered under the pas epoch heads- (a)What is Disinvestment? (b)Capitalism, Socialism, Communism and securities industry parsimony. c)Genesis of governance Participation In business. (d)Performance of pre inclinential term Controlled Enterprises. (e)Objectives of Disinvestment. (f)Genesis of Disinvestment process. (g)The Disinvestment process in India. (h)Advantages of Disinvestment. (j)Disadvantages of Disinvestment. (k)Disinvestment-Boon or Bane. WHAT IS DISINVESTMENT 5. Disinvestment can be define as withdrawal of relegate from production of goods and services or manoeuver of ownership from the universal empyrean to the non human race sector. CAPITALISM, SOCIALISM, COMMUNISM AND MARKET ECONOMY 6.in the beginning we proceed further it would be worth our period to understand the concepts of Capitalism, Socialism, Communism and Market Economy. CAPITALISM 7. Capitalism is a political system in which factories, companies, land, etc. atomic number 18 o wned privately in order to create profit for the owners. Prices of goods and services fluctuate depending on the desire of the consumer and the availability of the goods (the law of supply and demand). In a capitalistic gild their will be significant differences in moneyedes and power between those who have capital (machines, factories, ships, land, etc. and those who do not. 8. No one can say when capitalism first began. Clearly the development of capitalism was not ultra ilk that of communism. Instead it emerged gradually without anyone making a plan of what it should proceed. How eer, aspects of modern capitalism such(prenominal) as the stock turn, banks and great disparity in riches came about during the industrial revolution. 9. In 1776 Adam Smith, a Scottish university professor, produced a book which described the workings of a capitalist society.He believed that a countrys wealth depends on all people pursuing their own interests. If a person promotes his own intere st he or she is unintentionally promoting his countrys interest. Smith thought that governments should promote free trade and not interfere by protecting certain industries from competition. The solitary(prenominal) duty of governments, Smith wrote, was to provide services that couldnt be profitable like the building of roads, schools etc. 10. Capitalism means the complete musical interval of economy and state, just like the separation of church and state.Capitalism is the mixer system based upon private ownership of the means of production which entails a completely uncontrolled and unregulated economy where all land is privately owned. But the separation of the state and the economy is not primary, it is only an aspect of the premise that capitalism is based upon individual rights. Capitalism is the only politico- economical system based on the doctrine of individual rights. This means that capitalism recognizes that each and every person is the owner of his own life, and has t he right to live his life in any manner he chooses as long as he does not violate the rights of others.The essential genius of capitalism is accessible concord through the pursuit of self-interest. Under capitalism, the individuals pursuit of his own economic self-interest simultaneously benefits the economic self-interests of all others. In allowing each individual to act unhampered by government regulations, capitalism causes wealth to be created in the close to efficient manner possible which ultimately raises the standard of living, increases economic opportunities, and makes available an ever growing supply of products for everyone.The free-market operates in such a fashion so that as one man creates more wealth for himself, he simultaneously creates more wealth and opportunities for everyone else, which means that as the rich become richer, the poor become richer. It must be understood that capitalism serves the economic self-interests of all, including the non-capitalis ts. SOCIALISM 11. Socialism believes that the inequalities that live in our society be unjust and that the minority of the population should not own the vast absolute majority of the wealth.Socialists do, neverthe slight, differ on ways by which this change should be achieved. Some believe that the change should be gradual, achieved through parliament, and others believe that the change should be quick, brought about through revolution. 12. Karl Marx became the prophet and teacher of amicableism whose populaceations transformed socialist thinking all over the world. Marx was a philosopher and an idealist Marx believed that man should labor not only for himself as an individual but for society as well.Implied in Marxist philosophy is the impulse that man, existence a social animal, has his destiny and his reality inextricably linked with his society. His analysis describes capitalism as the first stage followed by socialism and finally communism. Marx believed that socialis m is an unrealised potential in capitalism and once most workers recognized their interests and became class conscious, the overthrow of capitalism would proceed as quickly as capitalist opposition allowed. The socialist society that would emerge out of the revolution would have all the rich potential of capitalism.People would be aided on the basis of social needs. COMMUNISM 13. The final goal, communism, toward which socialist society would constantly strive, is the abolition of alienation. A class-less society would be advantageous for the vast majority of the population. Communism, a form of government, inspires some people with the zeal of a religion. Communism in theory stands for total existence ownership and rejects private property and personal profit. In practice, however, the state determines how strictly the doctrine is applied in any particular country. MARKET ECONOMY 14.The market economy idea is based on, or at least explained by, Darwins theory of evolution. Compan ies are viewed as organisms in an ecosystem. A company with a successful get pattern will prosper and grow, spread its convening and ideas, eon a company with a bad formula will wither and disappear. A profitable company can grow, or at least survive, while an unprofitable company will wither and die out. 15. Post Karl Marx, The fight against inequality was viewed as a fight by the collective worker class vs the individual entrepreneur. The individual who escorts the group was seen as a contradiction.Some states evolved on this contradiction, wherein an individual was supposed to surrender his individuality and entrepreneurship for the state and the social security provided by it. On the other side of the world this fad for collectivism was viewed as a threat to its be capitalist system which not only proved successful in the past, but too held previse for the future. It is this clash in ideologies which gave as a bi polar world of communism and capitalism. 16. Contrary to widely held beliefs, capitalism is not a system which exploits a large portion of society for the sake of a small minority of wealthy capitalists.Ironically, it is actually socialism that causes the imperious exploitation of labor. Since the socialist state holds a universal monopoly on labor and production, no economic incentive exists for the socialist state to provide anything more than minimum physical subsistence for the workers except to perhaps prevent riots or revolutions. Exploitation is inherent in the temper of socialism because individuals cannot live for their own sake, sort of, they exist merely as means to whatever ends the socialist rulers the self-proclaimed spokesman of society may have in mind.Inequality is and progress are directly linked and progress ever belongingly causes inequality. To reach for something high, we would have to stand on one another and not together on the said(prenominal) platform. multiplication OF government activity PARTICIPATION IN BUSINESS GOVERNMENT PARTICIPATION IN BUSINESS WORLDOVER 17. Before considering the need for disinvestment and why disinvestment, it is relevant to consider the main reasons for rise of state power world over. The sideline are few reasons for state power- (a)Great depression of 1930s, un manipulation and hardship. b)Rebuilding war-torn economies. (c)Redistribution of income, protection to the needy for ethical reasons. (d)Developing countries do not have markets in which individuals can operate and ill-developed private enterprise. (e)Rise of non-economic objectives (sanctions against apartheid policies, or restraining ethnic minorities dominating an economy). (f)Protect employment or ensure good working conditions. (g)Total wishing of faith in markets and private ownership. (h)Cold war, wars among developing countries and gross profit margin disputes. j)State investment in and the control of the strategical sectors of the economy was necessary for the economic development of those sectors and the security of the country. (k)Government stepping in to rescue certain enterprises, whose closure could result in significant loss of jobs. (l)An economic consensus around the world accepting humanity enterprises as an integral part of the economy, particularly to manage natural monopolies as also the core industries, like infrastructure, which in turn would promote rapid economic growth and the pace of industrialisation.GOVERNMENT PARTICIPATION IN INDIA 18. Before independence, there was almost no Public sector in Indian economy. The only industries worthy of mention were Railways, The Post & Telegraph. The Port Trust, The Ordnance and the Aircraft factories and few Government controlled undertakings. 19. In the 1948 industrial Policy stop, the manufacture of arms and ammunition, production and control of atomic energy, ownership and management of railways became the State monopoly. sextuplet basic industries viz. iron & steel, coal, aircraft manufacture, shi p building, mineral aneles, manufacture of telephone, telegraph and wireless apparatus were to be developed by the State. All other areas were left open to private initiatives. 20. Within a ex of laying down the policy parameters in 1948, another policy statement was issued in April 1956 by the Government to give a new orientation to the mixed economy concept. The passage of industrial Policy Resolution of 1956 and adoption of socialist pattern of society as the subject area economic goal of the country build the foundation of the dominant creation sector as we see it today.It was believed that a dominant creation sector would reduce the inequality of income and wealth and advance the general prosperity of the nation. 21. The main objectives of setting up the Public Sector enterprises as stated in Industrial policy Resolution of 1956 were- (a)To help in the rapid economic growth and Industrialisation of the country and create necessary infrastructure for economic development. (b) To earn ingathering on investment and utilise generate resources for development. (c)To promote redistribution of income and wealth. (d)To create employment opportunities. e)To promote balanced regional development. (f)To promote import substitutions, save and earn foreign exchanges for the economy. 22. The 2nd Five year Plan papers clearly stated that all industries of basic and strategic importance, or in the nature of everyday common-service corporation services should be in the public sector. Other industries, which are essential and require investment on a scale, which only the state, in the present circumstances, could provide have also to be in the public sector. If further empha sizingd that, the public sector has to expand rapidly.It has not only to initiate developments which the private sector is either unwilling or unable to undertake, it has to play the dominant role in shape the full(a) pattern of investment in the economy. The investment in public sector en terprises has great(p) from Rs. 29 Crore in 5 PSU on 01Apr 51 to Rs. 2,52,554 Crore in 240 PSU on 31Mar 2000. PERFORMANCE OF GOVERNMENT CONTROLLED ENTERPRISES 23. What was the military issue of government investment in business. Over a period of age, the States failed in achieving the goals and results for which State Owned Enterprises had been created.The quest are some of the reasons for the same- (a)Politicians govern the state and they serve group interest and not public interests. (b)Bureaucracy operates to maximise budget of individual departments, their own prospects and perks. (c)Expansions of state control resulting in the loss of economic and immunity and thereof-political freedom as well. (d)Regulation by state ladders to serve the interest of regulated. (who capture regulators) rather than public. (e)Costs of regulation tend to exceed benefits of regulation. f)Supply by public authorities is inherently comprisely, inefficient usually in over supply, with less cho ice for consumers. (g)Developing countries have vague institutional structures for governments to operate services efficiently. (h)Public enterprises or state owned enterprises tend to be monopolistic, have no risk of closure and are liable to political and bureaucratic manipulation. (j)Property rights and transferability with gains or losses are important if owners were to demand information and make the enterprise really accountable and efficient. 4. During the destination ten years, the Tax-payer has had to give about Rs. 80,000 crore directly or indirectly to the public sector, so that it could survive. During 1999-2000 alone, the CAGs report on PSUs for 1999-2000 indicates that the tax-payer has taken a huge burden in one year alone which amounted to Rs. 23,140 crore for supporting PSUs. OBJECTIVES OF DISINVESTMENT 25. Is the business of government business? - Easily the million-dollar question that plauged the minds of policy makers, intelligentsia and the public alike.The p erformance of PSUs world over led to introspection and a need for privatisation/disinvestments was felt. Technology and W. T. O. commitments have made the world a ball-shaped village and unless industries, including public industries do not quickly restructure, they would not be able to survive. Public enterprises, because of the nature of their ownership, can restructure slowly and hence the logic of privatisation got stronger. Besides, techniques are now available to control public monopolies like Power and Telecom, where consumer interests can be better protected by egulation / competition. Therefore, investment of public notes to ensure protection of consumer interests is no longer a convincing argument. Disinvestment aimed to achieve the following (a)Promote economic superpower by fostering well performance markets and competition. (b)Redefine role of the State in order to allow it to trim on the essential task of governing and to withdraw from activities, which are bett er suited to private enterprise. (c )Reduce fiscal burden of loss-making public enterprises, in order to help regain fiscal control and macroeconomic stability. d)Reduce the public debt. (e)Release limited State resources for financing or other demands, for example in the field of education and social health. (f)Generate new investment including foreign investment. (g)Mobilise domestic investments and deepen domestic financial development (h)Spread and democratise constituent ownership by encouraging it among individuals, making employees share-owners and by rising productivity through incentives for holding stock. GENESIS OF DISINVESTMENT PROCESS GENESIS OF DISINVESTMENT PROCESS WORLDWIDE U. K (Post 1979) 26.Although the idea of privatisation has been around for a long time (Adam Smith wrote about it as long as 1762), privatisation has been tried widely since the mid 1970s. Privatisation first attracted world-wide economic aid in 1979 when the Conservative Government of Prime Mi nister Margaret Thacher began transforming the ailing U. K. economy by marketing public holdings in industry, communications and other service sector areas. Since 1979, over 105 countries all over the world have initiated their own privatisation programmes. Following are the salient features of the privatisation programme in the UK- a)Privatisation carried out in tercet phases (i)Phase I Commercial enterprises (e. g. , British Aerospace) (ii)Phase II Utilities (involved more complicated structural & restrictive issues) (iii)Phase III slight commercial industries, mainly those performing socially desirable services and dependant on subsidies (e. g. , the railways). (b)Around 60 major businesses, representing 10% of GDP, transferred to private sector. (c)Fundamental issues addressed were- (i) Ensuring commitment to the policy from the top of the Government. (ii) Setting clear objectives. iii) Careful planning. (iv) gentle intermediaries-financial, technical and legal advisers. (d )Regulation & competition effectively used while privatising services and infrastructure. (e)Initially resisted both by consumers and employees. (f)However, consumers benefited from tear down prices, greater choice & better service and productivity improved. (g)Employees too benefited in the sensitive term due(p) to increase in economic activity, though some loss of jobs in the short run as productivity change magnitude rapidly. Offered liberal opportunities to invest in divested shares.France 27. 8 large groups and 3 medium size banks were privatised. Shares divested to domestic public (about 50%), large shareholders (about 25%), employees (about 10%) & foreign investors (about 15%). 21 companies privatised, including 2 of the largest banks and 3 largest insurance companies. Shares divested to domestic public, large shareholders, employees & foreign investors in. China 28. Market reforms first started in 1978. Corporatisation and because listing on both domestic and foreign st ock exchanges favoured for efficient large and medium size SOEs.Foreign investors permitted to invest in various infrastructure and utility businesses, including railways, toll roads, ports and power plants. In 1978, over three-quarters of industrial output was produced by the state sector. This fell to 34% by 1995. The collective sector increased from 32% to 37%, individual sector (small capitalist businesses) jumped from 1. 8% to 13% and others (including all other capitalist enterprises local and foreign) leaped from 1. 2% to 16. 6%. Thus, the private sector grew at the expense of the state sector. Gradual stage-by-stage approach followed for reforming State Owned Enterprises (SOEs).According to the World Investment Report 1997, foreign direct inflows to China amounted to US $42. 3 billion in 1996. Some Other Countries 29. Some other countries which have undergone privatisation are - (a)Eastern EuropeBulgaria, Czech. , Hungary, Latvia, Poland, Romania (b)Latin AmericaArgentina, brazil nut (c)Far EastKorea, China, Philippines (d)S. E. Asia Malaysia, Thailand (e)South Asia Pakistan, Sri Lanka (f)Middle East & AfricaEgypt, Ghana, Kenya, Nigeria THE DISINVESTMENT PROCESS IN INDIA Genesis 30. A decade ago, the concept of privatisation as a accelerator pedal was hardly acknowledged in India.Not long ago, it was nationalisation that was in vogue. Even international aid-donors such as the IMF and the World Bank had recommended a larger role for the public sector during the 1950s and sixties and they refused to grant loans to those countries which did not have government-sponsored development programmes. Now, it is just the other way round. The prescription of privatisation is being sold, rather over-sold, as a panacea to cure our economic ills. India, for almost four decades was pursuing a caterpillar tread of development in which public sector was expected to be the engine of growth.But by eighties their short climaxs and weaknesses started manifesting in the form of low capacity utilisation, low efficiency, lack of motivation, over-manning, huge time and cost overrun, inability to innovate and take quick decision, large scale political and bureaucratic interference in decision making, etc. But instead of trying to remove these defects and to increase the rate of growth of national economy, gradually the concept of self-reliant growth was given a quiet burial. The Government started to deregulate the imports by reducing or withdrawing import duty in phases.This resulted in dwindling of precious foreign exchange reserve to abysmally low level. The foreign debt repayment crisis compelled Government of India to raise loan from IMF against physical fixate of RBI gold reserve, on conditions harmful to the interest of the country. 31. Thus started the reversal of policies towards PSU. The Industrial policy of 1991 started the process of delicensing and except 18 industries, Industrial licensing was withdrawn. The market was opened up to domes tic private capital and foreign capital was provided free entry upto 51% equity in high technology areas.The aim of economic liberalisation was to enlarge competition and allowing new firms to enter the market. Thus the emphasis shifted from PSEs to liberalisation, of economy and gradual disinvestment of PSEs. A paradigm shift of Governments economic policy orientation originated in 1991 from a foreign debt servicing crisis. Disinvestment mental process 32. The Industrial Policy of 1991 limited the priority areas for the public sector to (a)Essential infrastructure goods and services. (b)Exploration and exploitation of oil and mineral resources. c)Technology development and building of manufacturing capabilities in areas which are crucial in the long term development of the economy and where private sector investment is inadequate. (d)Manufacture of products where strategic considerations predominate such as self-denial equipment. 33. Congress Government in 1991-92 offered up to 20% of Govt. equity in selected PSUs to mutual currency and investment institutions in the public sector, as also to workers in these firms. The objective was to raise resources, encourage wider public participation and promote greater accountability. 4. As per Rangarajan Committee recommendations in Apr 93, there were only six Schedule A industries where the Government might consider holding 51% or more equity, namely (a) Coal and lignite. (b) Mineral oils. (c) Arms, ammunition and defence equipment. (d) Atomic energy. (e) Radioactive minerals. (f) Railway transport. 35. The Common Minimum Programme of the United Front Govt in 1996 aimed for the following- (a)To carefully examine withdrawal from non-core strategic areas. (b)To set up a Disinvestment Commission for advising on disinvestments issues. c)To take and implement decisions to disinvest in a transparent manner. (d)Job security, opportunities for retraining and redeployment to be assured. 36. Disinvestment Commission Recomm endationsin Feb 97- Oct 99 aimed for the following- (a)72 PSEs were referred to the Disinvestment Commission during 1996-99. The Disinvestment Commission gave its recommendations on 58 PSEs. (b)The Disinvestment Commission recommendations gave priority to strategic / trade sales, with transfer of management, instead of public offerings, as was recommended by the Rangarajan Committee in 1993. 37.In 1998-99, the govt aimed to bring down Government shareholding in the PSUs to 26% in the most of cases, (thus facilitating ownership changes, as was recommended by the Disinvestment Commission). 38. In 1999-2000, the Govt. aimed To strengthen the strategic PSUs, privatise non-strategic PSUs through gradual disinvestment or strategic sale and devise viable rehabilitation strategies for weak units. 39. On 16th March 1999, the cabinet approved classification of PSUs into Strategic and Non strategic. (a)Strategic PSUs (i)Defence colligate (ii)Atomic energy related (iii)Railway transport b)Non- strategic PSUs All other 40. Strategy for Non-strategic Public Sector Enterprises was lessening of Government stake to 26%to be worked out on a case to case basis,on the following considerations (a)Whether the Industrial sector requires the presence of the public sector as a countering force to prevent concentration of power in private hands. (b)Whether the Industrial sector requires a proper regulatory mechanism to protect the consumer interests forwards Public Sector Enterprises are Privatised. 41. In 2000 2001, the main elements Policy were- (a)To restructure and revive potentially viable PSUs. b) To close down PSUs which cannot be revived. (c) To bring down Government equity in all non-strategic PSUs to 26% or lower, if necessary. (d)To fully protect the interests of workers. (e)To put in place mechanisms to raise resources from the market against the security of PSUs assets for providing an adequate safety-net to workers and employees. (f)To establish a systematic policy appr oach to disinvestment and privatisation and to give a fresh impetus to this programme, by setting up a new Department of Disinvestment. (g)To emphasize increasingly on strategic sales of identified PSUs. h)To use the entire receipt from disinvestment and privatisation for meeting expenditure in social sectors, restructuring of PSUs and retiring public debt. Utilisation of Proceeds 42. In the Budget of 2000-2001 the Govt. outlined its aim for utilisation of the disinvestments proceeds as enumerated below. (a) Restructuring assistance to PSUs. (b) Safety net to workers. (c) Reduction of debt burden. (d) Additional budgetary support for the Plan, primarily in the social and infrastructure sectors (contingent upon realisation of the anticipated receipt).ADVANTAGES OF DISINVESTMENT 43. aft(prenominal) disinvestments the following would be achieved (a)Releasing of huge amounts of scarce public resources locked up in non-strategic PSUs, for deployment in areas frequently higher(prenomin al) on social priority, such as, public health, family welfare, education and social and essential infrastructure (b)Stemming further saltation of public resources for sustaining the unviable non-strategic PSUs. (c)Reducing the public debt that is threatening to assume unmanageable proportions. d)Transferring the commercial risk, to which the tax-payers bullion locked up in the public sector is exposed, to the private sector wherever the private sector is willing and able to step in. The money that is deployed in the PSUs is really the public money and, is exposed to an entirely avoidable and needless risk, in most cases. (e)Release of other tangible and intangible resources, such as, large manpower currently locked up in managing the PSUs, and their time and energy, for redeployment in areas that are much higher on the social priority but are short of such resources. f)Disinvestment would expose the privatised companies to market discipline, thereby forcing them to become more ef ficient and survive or cease on their own financial and economic strength. They would be able to respond to the market forces much faster and cater to their business needs in a more professional manner. It would also drive on in freeing the PSUs from the Government control and introduction of corporate governance in the privatised companies. (e)Disinvestment would result in wider distribution of wealth through offering of shares of privatised companies to small investors and employees. f)Disinvestment would have a beneficial effect on the capital market the increase in floating stock would give the market more sagacity and liquidity, give investors easier exit options, help in establishing more accurate benchmarks for valuation and pricing, and facilitate raising of funds by the privatised companies for their projects or expansion, in future. (g)Opening up the erstwhile public sectors to appropriate private investors would increase economic activity and have an overall beneficial effect on the economy, employment and tax revenues in the medium to long term. h)In many areas, e. g. , the telecom sector, the end of public sector monopoly would bring relief to consumers by way of more choices, and cheaper and better quality of products and services. DISADVANTAGES OF DISINVESTMENT 44. Having seen so many advantages, what do we have on the flip side? Is disinvestments without any disadvantages? Some of the likely disadvantages could be- (a)Non realisation of actual value of the PSU as the realisation would on unit potential and not assets held.The logic is similar to an old Fiat car in Delhi selling for less than what it would fetch as scrap. (b)Short term retrenchment occurs in order to increase efficiency. However, It is offset in the longterm by a profitable organisation creating more employment. (c)It is the wealthy who would buy the PSUs making them wealthier. Therefore, they inequality in society increases. (d)Creation of monopolies may take place. DISINVEST MENT-BOON OR BANE 45. After having seen the advantages and disadvantages of disinvestments, the ast performance of our PSUs, the non accountability of the Public sector to the Tax payer and the consumer we are sure that there is no doubt about the Disinvestment process being a boon for the nation. As the world changed in this era of globalisation, a country living in the past is doomed and economic slavery is not far behind. Proponents of anti-disinvestment campaign have a past record of pushing conglomerate like Coca-Cola out of the country, little realising that it all about creation of wealth by production and not about transfer of wealth to another country.For the poor to get rich, the rich must get richer and conversely for the rich to get richer the poor must get rich. It this is understood by one and all then the inequalities in the society become acceptable and progress becomes the norm of the day. button slow on the disinvestments process would be to delay the progress of the country and turning around from it would only prove catastrophic for the economy and the industry. Effecieny is the keyword in the present day world and any thing produced inefficiently is at a cost that the nation has to pay one way or the other.It is better to give dole than to hire extra people and breed inefficiency. Let the government improve governance before it even thinks of Business. Let not the Pseudo profits earned by monopolistic mineral oil selling agencies like Indian Oil, HPCL etc cloud our vision. We have the example of BSNL, which when faced with private competition is coming out with innovative ideas to lure the customer, while in the past it was sleeping. CONCLUSION 46. Every time utopia is spy in a system, utopia redefines itself. The process of corruption and correction is continuous.Same may happen with the concept of privatisation in the future. In retrospect, it is easy to fault the vision our leaders of yesteryears. If we need to fault them, it should n ot be for creating public owned enterprises but for killing the private enterprise by means of license raj, red tapism, lack of infrastructure, rules and rules for rules, corruption and capacity control. It remind me of a statement made by JRD Tata in one of his last interview and I quote It is in this country that I was penalised for producing more.I had not hear a sadder statement that day and stayed the saddest statement for a long time to come. Entrepreneur and the worker complement each other and need to co-exist. Today, government as an entrepreneur is passe. Yet, the indiscriminate pursuit of the policy, unmindful of the social setting is not without its failings. For in the interregnum, when the benefits of privatisation have not yet completely trickled down, we need sufficient social security mechanisms to ensure the poor do not turn poorer.We further need strong regulatory regimes and stronger competition laws concomitant with privatization in order to install the consume r as king, and prevent distortions in the functioning of the market by the big monopolistic players. A fine balance of these competing interests, with the ultimate goal of public good, which is essentially what the business of government is all about, should be the primary focus of any privatisation agenda.