International differences in work-related values Essay

International differences in work-related values - Essay Example Cultural differences are important issues that describe different values and beliefs of people coming from different socio-cultural background. This necessitates development of distinct capabilities of people management. People management primarily helps develop understanding the values and beliefs of different culture. It facilitates in building constructive relationship amongst people coming from diverse background based on mutual respect. The paper is a reflective journal/ diary based on cultural dynamics. With five different diary entries, it would reflect the readings on five teaching sessions on the module: week 2 (Culture shock); week 7 (Chinese culture);week 8 (multicultural team);week 9 (cultural difference);and week 10 (Culture and leadership). Reflection on week 2 readings Cultural dynamics play hugely critical role in human interaction. Hofstede’s dimensions of culture emphasise collective programming of mind. This is interesting because it simultaneously stresses the differences and at the same time calls for integrated efforts to achieve common goals. It highlights the cultural competencies that can be judiciously exploited for shared goals. My knowledge of Chinese and Chinese culture was utilized in plays that were staged for collecting donation for cultural centre for foreign students in the university campus. It had shown their adaptability to change and their strong will to conquer the barrier of knowledge by inviting foreigners and sharing knowledge for mutual gain. Indeed, it shows that differences need to be interpreted within the broader context of goals and the way they can become tools for growth and development across various stages of life. Culture shock is inevitable when one is in a foreign land. Culture shock broadly refers to the considerable sense of discomfort that a person encounters when he/she is in a state that is different from his/her native place or place of origin (Guanipa, 1998). It has increasingly become importa nt issue in the current environment of fast globalization and needs to be addressed for making one’s stay in foreign country more fruitful and productive. As a Chinese student, I have been faced with some major cultural differences that have necessitated important changes. The culture shock was predominant in its language barrier and differences in socio-cultural values which influence behaviour and attitude towards various issues. They can be overcome through concerted efforts like learning the language and developing cross cultural understanding. Making new friends through social networking and interacting with people from one’s culture helps to reduce homesickness whereas, taking cues from them helps in getting adjusted faster within the new environment. When I had applied for higher studies in UK, I was prepared for new experience and different socio-cultural environment. I had already equipped myself with good knowledge of English and was quite fluent in it. But I was very much surprised by the huge diversity of race, colour and nationality and the vernacular English which was quite popular amongst the immigrant population. While language barrier was not a major issue, effective communication remained a key factor because of the diversity of culture and values.

Mongol Empire Essay Example for Free

Mongol Empire Essay FCAs: 1. The paper must include at least 4 paragraphs. Each paragraph should be at least 4-6 sentences long and have an introductory and concluding sentence. The introductory paragraph should provide a hook for the reader, your definition of the word barbaric, the question posed by the DBQ, and your thesis (your answer to the question) (25 points). 2. Paragraph 2 and 3 should use at least 4 documents (with proper citation) to support your thesis. Four specific examples should be given-one from each document, and you should explain how these examples support your claim. (100 points/ 25 points for each document). 3. The paper must include a concluding paragraph in which you briefly summarize your evidence, reiterate your answer to the thesis, and make a connection to another topic from history, how this topic relates to today, or anything we have covered in class (25 points). The Mongols: How Barbaric are the Barbarians? Who are the Mongols really? The Mongols had an empire that existed during the 13th and 14th centuries AD, and was the largest continuous land empire in human history lead by a great ruler called Genghis Khan. For centuries they have been remembered as a brutal tribe of nomadic barbarians who were a serious threat to people and civilization throughout Asia and Europe, so how barbaric are the barbarians exactly? What does barbaric mean anyways? Barbaric is to be savagely cruel and extremely brutal or primitive and unsophisticated. The barbarians are some what barbaric. The barbarians have codes of conduct, prisoner dummies, religious tolerance, and cutting heads off. In Rashid ad-Din’s Collected Chronicles (Document 10); he talks about how the Mongols were hospital. In it, it says â€Å"when a husband goes hunting or to war, his wife must maintain the house hold, so that the messenger or guest who dismounts there finds all in order and the wife is able to provide him with good food and anything else he may require.† This shows that the Mongols are not barbaric because the make sure that the house is suitable for guest; however, in John of Plano Carpini’s History of the Mongols (Document 3), he talks about how the Mongols â€Å"send a detachment of captives and men of other nationalities who are fighting with them to meet the enemy head-on, and some of the tarts (Mongols) may perhaps accompany them.† They are barbaric because the used the lives of others as dummies in a battle. They do not care if the prisoners that they are using as dummies have families or not. At some points the Mongols are barbaric when it come to p rotecting them selves or trying to conquer land, but they also try to be hospital. In William of Rubruck’s the Journey of William of Rubruk (Document 9), he talks about how Mongke Khan was religious tolerance. In it, it says â€Å"he therefore wishes you all to meet together and hold a conference and each one is to write down what he says so that he can know the truth.† The Mongols are not barbaric because Mongke Khan wanted to learn about different religious so that he could convert to one; however, in Ata- Malike Juvani’s Genghis Khan (Document 4), he talks about the punishment that the Mongols did. He says that the Mongols â€Å"severed the heads of the slain from their bodies and heaped them up in piles, keeping those of the men separated from those of the women and children.† The Mongols are barbaric because they would cut off the heads off people that were already dead. They did not have any respect for the dead what so ever. The Mongols wanted to learn about religion on how it works and which religion is true, but they were too cr uel on their victims and threw the bodies into piles based on their gender. In documents 10, 3, 9, and 4 talks about reasons how barbaric or not barbaric the Mongols were. I believe that the Mongols are somewhat barbaric. In the age of the Nazi, the Nazi things called concentration camps. In the concentration camps, they would have gas chambers where lots of Jews were killed at once. The thing that people do not realize in the concentration camps they also allowed the Jews to eat and bathe. Why would someone who wanted to kill the Jews allow them to eat and bathe: Remorse or humanity? The Nazi were not all cruel and hard hearted as made out to be. This relates back to the Mongols because they are believed to have all cruel methods this may be true, but they also have kind hearts.

Essays --

PFC Hachey The importance of lawful orders Lawful orders are important to the military to keep soldiers safe and out of trouble, lawful orders from an NCO or any one placed above you can be important to complete the mission so it is important to follow and obey them. Lawful orders are what keep the military organized and without order our military could not function as well as it does. Any person subject to this chapter who-- ( 1) violates or fails to obey any lawful general order or regulation; (2) having knowledge of any other lawful order issued by any member of the armed forces , which it is his duty to obey, fails to obey the order; or (3) is derelict in the performance of his duties; shall be punished as a court-martial may direct. Article 92 in the UCMJ makes it very clear that disobedience of orders can be easily punished through UCMJ action. Violation of any order from a NCO or any one placed above the soldier is a violation against the soldiers army values and more specificly his integrity. When a soldier shows lack of integrity and fails to do what is right, only thinking about what he wants, needs to be punished because that is the kind of behavior that we can't have in the army. In todays army there is no room for soldiers who don't follow orders,the army is down sizing and the ones who don't live by the army values will be the first to go. The army is an organization that operates and functions on its values, so it is important that each soldier upholds those values. Soldiers are disciplined yet they still make bad decisions sometimes but There is no excuse for disobeying direct orders. If a soldier doesn't do what he is told or goes against what he is told how are his superiors supposed to trust him to do the right ... ...ially if taking those actions is not popular with others. You can build your personal courage by daily standing up for and acting upon the things that you know are honorable. If Ihad more personal courage Icould have kept myself out of trouble, but instead of standing up and saying no Imade bad decisions and broke the lawful orders given to me. Lawful orders are given for a reason, they are meant to keep each soldier safe and out of trouble they are always in the interest of the army and the mission ahead. When it really matters, in battle every order has to be completed and soldiers are professionals they always place the mission first that means they do what has to be done, what they are told the lawful orders from their higher ups. Lawful orders have created organization in the military for centuries and without them we would not be as successful as we are today.

Analysis of Nigeria Bottling Company Value Chain.

Nigeria bottling company produce, sell and distribute a range of non-alcoholic beverages including four of the world’s best selling brands: Coca-Cola, Coca-Cola light, Fanta and Sprite. In addition, nbc product portfolio includes a variety of other sparkling and still beverages including: – fruit juice drinks – premium table water Nbc aim is to offer consumers a choice of beverages that meet the highest quality standards. Key Bottler of The Coca-Cola Company Coca-Cola Hellenic Group is one of the 300 bottling partners that make up the Coca-Cola System, the largest beverage distribution system in the world.The activities of Nigerian Bottling Company Ltd play a strategically important role within the System. In Nigeria, the Coca-Cola System comprises the Nigeria Bottling Company Ltd and Coca-Cola Nigeria Limited, a subsidiary of The Coca-Cola Company. Coca-Cola Nigeria Limited is responsible for the strategic marketing, brand management, packaging strategy, consume r promotion, advertising, public relations and market research. Nigerian Bottling Company Ltd purchases the concentrates, beverage bases and syrups for producing drinks according to the franchise agreement with The Coca-Cola Company.In addition, They are responsible for the distribution and merchandising of products, key account management, implementation of promotions and product distribution all over the Nigeria. NBC carries out corporate social responsibility programmes, consumer services and public relations In addition, nbc product portfolio includes a variety of other sparkling and still beverages including fruit juice drinks and premium table water. nbc aim is to offer consumers a choice of beverages that meet the highest quality standards.They work closely with there partner, The Coca-Cola Company, using their respective skills and assets to serve customers and consumers, while improving the quality of life in our communities. Nigeria Bottling Company Ltd is the only bottler in the country that produces and distributes Coca-Cola products. Strong business infrastructure.Since 1951, NBC Ltd has been developing its operations in Nigeria, including: the recent construction of an ultra new bottling plant in the capital city of Abuja, the re-construction of Benin Plant in Edo State,  the construction of effluent treatment plants -the introduction of the new durable and eco-friendly ultra glass packaging for core brands, and can packaging facilities for Coca-Cola, Fanta and Sprite. Across the Group, Coca-Cola Hellenic has invested approximately â‚ ¬4. 9 billion in property, plant and equipment since 2002, in order to modernize plant infrastructure and expand availability of cold drink equipment, such as coolers. Nbc corporate values is to become â€Å"The undisputed leader in every market in which we compete†.Refresh the consumers partner with the customers reward the stakeholders and enrich the lives of the local communities. At Coca-Cola Helleni c Group, they are committed to six core values, along with their behaviours which support them and shape the way they work every day. Everything starts with the values; they are the DNA of our company and are essential to our future success. Authenticity: we act with integrity, and do what is right, not just easy Excellence: we strive to amaze, with passion and speed.Learning: we listen and have a natural curiosity to learn Caring for our people: we believe in our people, invest in them, and we empower them Performing as one: we believe in the power of working together, contributing in every occasion Winning with our customers: our customers are at the heart of everything we do. Our values are deeply embedded in our 2020 Play to Win Strategic Framework that aims to deliver every day superior value in community trust, consumer relevance, customer preference, and cost leadership.Nbc brands they produce a quality range of sparkling, still beverages and water, including Coca-Cola, Coca- Cola Light, Eva, Fanta, Sprite, Schweppes, Limca and Five Alive. Promotions Staging promotions, together with trade partners, enables us to engage with our consumers, and to share the fun and enjoyment offered by our increasingly broad range of products and brands NBC is a company that add value to its input,which makes the organization to have a great competitive value advantage.

Lyric Poetry Red Taylor Swift

Taylor Swift's song â€Å"Red† is very joyful even though her words are sometimes gloomy because she misses what she use to have. She is speaking about someone who she can not forget because of all the good memories they have with each other. Taylor Swift ‘s use of similes, imagery and alliteration in her song â€Å"Red† helps portray the good and bad about loving someone that is not around any more. Taylor Swifts uses similes through out her writing to make you feel her happiness and struggles. â€Å"Loving him is like driving a new maserati down a dead end street,† tells you that happiness was damaging her relationship.It be great to have a maserati just to have it, with no where to go but, it is hurting our earth. Loving him was unnecessary so it ended up hurting her. When Swift says, â€Å"Memorizing him was as easy as knowing all the words to your old favorite song,† she shows how much she misses having this person around. When a song stops play ing for a while but, then it comes on again and the mind still remembers all the words its like an old friend popping back into the mind. When the mind remembers someone they loved all of the good and bad memories with that person can be stuck in the head.Taylor Swift's similes are very meaningful and can make you feel mixed emotions. Imagery is used many different times through out the song and gives a dark but still happy mood. â€Å"Missing him was dark grey all alone,† is very depressing because this person is gone. Now she is lonely because she feels like she is stuck in the dark all lone. Taylor Swift also says, â€Å"Losing him was blue like I never known. † This is very gloomy because it is the saddest she has ever been. She did not even know she could feel this terrible. When she says, â€Å"Loving him was Red,† it make the song much happier.It gives off this bright, cheerful mood saying even though she felt terrible after the relationship the time she had loving him was worth it. The way Taylor Swift uses imagery makes the reader feel her pain. Taylor Swift also used alliteration in her writing to emphasize certain words. When Swift says,† Cause love was like driving a new maserati down a dead and street,† lots of focus is drawn to the words â€Å"driving,† â€Å"down,† and â€Å"dead. † She felt like this relationship was dyeing and was going down hill. In the quote â€Å"Once you're already flying through the free fall,† the words flying,† â€Å"free,† and â€Å"fall,† stand out. She feels like she has fallen head over heels and could not stop loving this person even if she wanted to. Swift wanted those words to stand out so the reader felt her passion. Taylor Swfit's use of alliteration helps the reader understands how strong her feelings are for this person. Taylor Swift used so many poetic elements to help the reader feel many different emotions. She used a variety of similes, imagery, and alliteration through out her writing. Taylor Swift's writing lets the reader into her head and rollercoaster of emotions.

The eNotes Blog eNotes + Crosswords Enter to win a LessonPlan!

+ Crosswords Enter to win a LessonPlan! gets a lot of thank-you notes  from teachers and fan mail from students daily.  Okay more like Tweets from the students. We havent received  an actual letter since 2003. And while we love being recognized for all our hard work, what gets out of bed in the morning  is making the lives of our teachers and students easier. However,  when one of our fans let us know   was an answer in The  New York Times  crossword puzzle,  we could not stop  grinning and giggling! This honor actually came at a coincidental time, since our editors are hard at work adding educational crossword puzzles to  our teacher Lesson Plans. To celebrate us making it big (of course  theres nothing bigger than being in the NYT crossword), were giving three teachers  a free  Lesson Plan  of their choosing! Teachers: To enter, simply comment here on this blog post OR on this  Facebook post which book you would like see turned into an educational  crossword puzzle for your class. Thanks for your continuous support!

Roger Williams University Admissions Requirements

Roger Williams University Admissions Requirements With an acceptance rate of 79  percent, Roger Williams University in Rhode Island is a largely accessible college. Applicants with good grades and test scores within or above the ranges shown by Cappex data have a good chance of being accepted to the school. For complete application instructions and requirements, be sure to visit the schools website. You can also contact the admissions office for information. Calculate your chances of getting in with this free tool from Cappex. Admissions Data (2016) Roger Williams University Acceptance Rate: 79  percentGPA, SAT and ACT Graph for Roger Williams AdmissionsRoger Williams University has test-optional admissions. However, students applying to the elementary and secondary education programs are required to submit SAT or ACT scores  and homeschooled students are encouraged to do so.What SAT numbers meanSAT score comparison for Rhode IslandWhat ACT numbers meanACT score comparison for Rhode Island Roger Williams University Description Named after the seventeenth-century founder of Rhode Island, Roger Williams University shares Williams dedication to education, freedom, and tolerance. The university sits on an attractive 140-acre campus overlooking Mount Hope Bay in Bristol, Rhode Island. Roger Williams takes advantage of its waterfront setting. The school has a winning sailing team, and students can take out one of the universitys kayaks during a break. Student life as a whole is active, and students can choose from nearly 100 clubs and organizations. On the academic front, students can choose from over 40 majors, and the curriculum is supported by a 12 to 1  student/faculty ratio  and an average class size of 19. In athletics, Roger Williams sponsors 18 varsity sports. The Hawks compete in the NCAA Division III Commonwealth Coast Conference for most sports. Enrollment (2016) Total Enrollment: 5,193  (4,902 undergraduates)Gender Breakdown: 46  percent male / 54 percent female84  percent full-time Costs (2016-17) Tuition and Fees: $32,100Books: $900 (why so much?)Room and Board: $15,086Other Expenses: $2,810Total Cost: $50,896 Roger Williams University Financial Aid (2015- 16) Percentage of New Students Receiving Aid: 95  percentPercentage of New Students Receiving Types of AidGrants: 92 percentLoans: 66 percentAverage Amount of AidGrants: $14,213Loans: $11,102 Academic Programs Most Popular Majors:  Architecture, Business Administration, Criminal Justice, Marketing, Media Communication, Psychology What major is right for you?  Sign up to take the free My Careers and Majors Quiz at Cappex. Graduation and Retention Rates First Year Student Retention (full-time students): 83  percentTransfer-out Rate: 29 percent4-Year Graduation Rate: 55  percent6-Year Graduation Rate: 64 percent Intercollegiate Athletic Programs: Mens Sports:  Baseball, Lacrosse, Soccer, Swimming, Tennis, Wrestling, Track and Field, Golf, Cross CountryWomens Sports:  Basketball, Softball, Tennis, Volleyball, Field Hockey, Lacrosse, Golf, Track and Field If You Like Roger Williams University, You May Also Like These Schools UMass Amherst: Profile | GPA-SAT-ACT GraphUniversity of Rhode Island: Profile | GPA-SAT-ACT GraphBryant University: Profile | GPA-SAT-ACT GraphRhode Island College: ProfileKeene State College: ProfileSalve Regina University: ProfileNortheastern University: Profile | GPA-SAT-ACT GraphUniversity of New Haven: Profile | GPA-SAT-ACT GraphAlfred University: Profile | GPA-SAT-ACT GraphMarist College: Profile | GPA-SAT-ACT GraphSuffolk University: Profile | GPA-SAT-ACT GraphStonehill College: Profile | GPA-SAT-ACT Graph Data Source: National Center for Educational Statistics

How to Conjugate Emprunter, to Borrow

How to Conjugate 'Emprunter,' to Borrow When you want to say to borrow in French, turn to the verb  emprunter. Verb conjugation is required to imply when the borrowing happens, whether that is in the past, present, or future tense. The good news is that  emprunter  is a relatively straightforward conjugation. Conjugating the French Verb  Emprunter Many French verbs follow common verb conjugation patterns. This allows you to apply what you may have learned with  depenser  (to spend) or  dà ©barrasser  (to get rid of) to a verb like  emprunter. Each of these is  a  regular -ER verb, the most common conjugation youll find in French. Changing  emprunter  to the present, future, or imperfect past tense is quite simple. First, recognize the verb stem  emprunt-, then add the appropriate ending for the subject pronoun and tense. For instance, I borrow is jemprunte in French, while we will borrow is nous emprunterons. Subject Present Future Imperfect j' emprunte emprunterai empruntais tu empruntes emprunteras empruntais il emprunte empruntera empruntait nous empruntons emprunterons empruntions vous empruntez emprunterez empruntiez ils empruntent emprunteront empruntaient Present Participle Adding -ant  to the verb stem of  emprunter  gives you the  present participle  empruntant. It is a verb, of course, though youll also find it useful as an adjective, gerund, or noun at times. Past Participle and Passà © Composà © Another form of the past tense beyond the imperfect is the  passà © composà ©Ã‚  and it requires a quick phrase construction. It begins with the subject pronoun, then a conjugate of  avoir, the most common  auxiliary,  or helping, verb.  To this, the  past participle  empruntà ©Ã‚  is added. It all comes together quickly: I borrowed becomes jai empruntà © and we borrowed transforms into nous avons empruntà ©. More Simple  Conjugations Among these simple conjugations of  emprunter, French students should memorize and practice those above first. Then, you can dive into some special uses of the verb. For instance, with a little study, youll know these passà © simple and imperfect subjunctive forms of  embrasser  when you read them. In more frequent use, the subjunctive verb mood implies uncertainty to the verb and the conditional form says that the action will only happen  if  something else does. Subject Subjunctive Conditional Passà © Simple Imperfect Subjunctive j' emprunte emprunterais empruntai empruntasse tu empruntes emprunterais empruntas empruntasse il emprunte emprunterait emprunta empruntà ¢t nous empruntions emprunterions empruntà ¢mes empruntassions vous empruntiez emprunteriez empruntà ¢tes empruntassiez ils empruntent emprunteraient empruntà ¨rent empruntassent The imperative verb form is just as useful and even easier to remember. The key here is that you can drop the subject pronoun: use emprunte rather than tu emprunte. Imperative (tu) emprunte (nous) empruntons (vous) empruntez

A Study of Traffic Noise Affecting Residential Properties along Dissertation

A Study of Traffic Noise Affecting Residential Properties along Expressways - Dissertation Example Ethical Considerations 34 3.8: Strengths of the Methodology 35 3.9: Limitations of the Methodology 35 3.10: Summary 35 Chapter 4.0 Results and Discussion 36 4.1 Introduction 36 4.2 Interview Analysis 36 4.3: Personal Interpretation of the Researcher of Interviews 44 4.4: Summary 45 Chapter 5.0 Conclusions and Recommendations 46 5.1 Introduction 46 5.2: Conclusion 46 5.3: Recommendations for Mitigating Traffic Noise 50 5.4: Recommendations for Future Research 50 5.5: Summary 51 BIBLIOGRAPHY 52 APPENDIX 55 A. Interview Letter 55 B. Consent Form 56 List of Figures and Photos Figure-1: Retrofitting Works along Fanling Highway for figure in Chapter-2†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.23 Figure-2: Retrofitting Works along Cheung Pai Shan Road for figure in Chapter-2†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦23 Figure-3: Use of Low Noise Material on Chiu Shun Road for figure in Chapter-2†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦..24 Figure-4: Use of Low Noise Material on Deep Bay Link for figure in Chapter-2†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â ‚¬ ¦24 Figure-5: Banning Heavy Vehicles on Tsing Fung Street during Nights, Chapter-2†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦25 Figure-6: Pedestrianisation Scheme at Causeway Bay for figure in Chapter-2†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.....26 Figure-7: Awareness Initiative by EPD on Noise Issue for figure in Chapter-2†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦27 CHAPTER-1: INTRODUCTION 1.1: Introduction Road traffic has emerged as one of the most basic areas of concern for many residential properties across the world and Hong Kong is no more an exception when it comes to facing traffic noises and disturbance especially for residents residing along expressways. Road traffic has emerged as one of the prime reasons behind noise pollution affecting millions of people around the world. The situation is all the more worse for people residing along expressways as the traffic noise causes health concerns and frustration (Field, 1993). The level of traffic noises has been increasing at an alarming rate and householders are finding it difficult to maintain a healthy and noise free life. Moreover, traffic noises in wee hours affect the sleep and mood of householders leading to irritation and frustration (Espey and Lopez, 2000) The research aims to investigate traffic noise affecting residential buildings along expressways in Hong Kong. Hong Kong like any other city in the world faces its share of traffic noises affecting the life of millions of people. There is no doubt that the economy of Hong Kong has grown in last few decades mainly because of the expansion of business and commercial activities. This has also led to an increase in the level of traffic noises ad business and commercial activities are very much driven by transportation. The impact has been severe in densely populated areas of the city but even expressways have been the major concern for many householders considering the fact that large numbers of vehicles move at wee hours causing mental stress and hearing problems (Hughes and Sirmans , 1992) The Government of Hong Kong has been focusing on reducing the level of traffic noise by planning and policies implementation but the major issue of traffic noise for residents along expressways

Human Behavior Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words - 1

Human Behavior - Essay Example On this account, diversity management spells that incorporating a diverse workforce in an organization is indispensable to tapping into international markets, adapting to the varying business environments, and taking advantage of the rising opportunities. Diversity management thus embodies appreciation of differences in human behaviour and fully capitalizing on them to ensure optimal organizational performance. This paper reviews the role played by cultural diversity and ethical differences in organizational functionality and overall the performance. Seymen O. A. (2006) reviews the concept of cultural diversity and the different approaches to managing the diversity in an organizational set-up. Cultural diversity here is defined as a mixture of different people having distinct identities in matters pertaining to behaviour, traditions, and attitudes towards some issues. Cultures tend to differ as one moves from one geographic location to the other. Therefore, since business operations are no longer limited by geographic boundaries, it is almost impossible for an organization to operate successfully operate on a global scale without a culturally diverse workforce. Workers belonging to a given culture have a very distinct way in which they express their ideas and perceive the various issues in the corporate world. For instance, some cultures have negative perception about the idea of women dressing in tight trousers. On the other hand, there are those cultures which permit the freedom of dress code. Therefore, an organization having members drawn from such a diverse workforce must acknowledge this variations and effectively learn to manage the diversity. The other aspect of human behaviour which exhibits considerable diversity is in so far as matters of personal ethics are concerned. Just as is the case with culture, ethical standards which a person subscribes too is

Critically Evaluate the Claim That the Processes of Globalization Are Essay

Critically Evaluate the Claim That the Processes of Globalization Are Undermining the Democratic State - Essay Example The discussion includes the definitions of globalization and democracy and the interrelation between them. It proceeds to discuss the threat caused by globalization to democracy and factors of globalization responsible for this threat. The roles of the governments and individuals with to globalization and its impact on democracy has also been evaluated in the paper along with the role of economic globalization in undermining democratic state. The argument is supported by adequate evidences to support the idea of the discussion. This report makes a conclusion that there are many economists who are of the opinion that globalization has paved the way for the formation of democratic states where there is no democracy. The people of those authoritarian countries have started demanding for democracy and this could have been possible because of the globalization. According to the theories of democracy it is the government of the people, for the people and by the people. If we examine the impact of globalization on these theories we may say that there are democratic governments formed by the people. But according to the moral principles of democracy it can be easily observed that the globalization has undermined the democratic state. The welfare of the common people is totally neglected in this age of globalization and it has also widened the gap between the rich and the poor tremendously.

Social and Behavioral Sciences Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Social and Behavioral Sciences - Essay Example In a phone interview with the CNN Turk news television the mayor of Manisa town, Cengiz Ergun, said that the blast had caused a fire that had blocked the exits of the mine trapping the workers within. The area has some of the largest coal reserves in the world. Since the tragedy occurred in the midafternoon as the workers were changing shifts it has been challenging for the officials in charge of the rescue efforts to determine the number of miners that were trapped underground. According to local authorities, the mine could have trapped more than 250 miners up to 2000 feet below the surface. According to the energy minister, out of the 787 miners registered at the site, only 363 of them had been rescued. Sixty rescue teams comprising more than 400 members had worked through the night in search of the trapped miners. More than 80 mineworkers were harmed in the tragedy according to Mr. Ergun. Families and friends flocked the Manisa State Hospital where the injured miners were taken. Many people questioned the safety conditions of the mine but the labor ministry in a written statement maintained that the mine had been subject to regular inspection and complied with occupational health and safety regulations. A federal appeals court in Huntsville, Texas on Tuesday halted the execution for a convicted murderer just hours before he was scheduled to be put to death. The court granted the stay to review a claim presented by the lawyers of the defendant saying he was mentally retarded and that state agencies had for a long time known and concealed this fact. Robert James Campbell, 41, had been set to be the first death row inmate to be executed in America after a botched execution in Oklahoma that drew attention to the methods and drugs used and the secrecy surrounding lethal injections. The U. S. Court of Appeals in New Orleans conceded the stay ask for by Campbells attorneys. The court was initially reluctant

Critical Reflection of Learning Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Critical Reflection of Learning - Essay Example Secondly in this area, instructors have been shown as the real professionals and experts who administer the skills to learners as a way of passing knowledge from one generation to another. It is in this group that professionalism and integrity should be stressed so as to ensure that right and correct curriculum and procedure is followed. The government of the day is a unique figure in the propagation of knowledge in the country. They formulate policies that will improve the delivery of knowledge in academic excellence. They depend on learning centers and organizations so as to produce sufficient and qualified personnel which will carry on the nation in the coming generations. It is with this great interest and dependence of learning process that this paper shall outline the benefits of critical reflection so as to improve learning and enhance efficiency for both learners and instructors. Learning depends on a systemic guide that elaborates the academic procedure and curriculum which instructors lead learners through it, and assessment and evaluation is done to show if learning has taken place or not. Good performance in assessment and evaluation through examinations is seen as positive, while failure is shown to suggest that learning has not taken place. This critically does not reflect the true identity of learning process. This is because examiners may wish to examine learners in a specific topic or module which may not be friendly with the learner hence the poor performance of the student. This therefore, suggests that the student may have failed in this area but well equipped in other topics which may not have been examined. This illustration makes an argument that examination may not be the best tool to reflection of the learning process since it does not indicate all the possible avenues of education. On the hand, those who may have performed well in the exam may have had a good time with the topic examined hence their performance. Environment is a great contributor in the performance of a student that may enable one to perform well or poor. In cases where tension is identified, learners may be affected in their performance. Parents and instructors who threaten their children put pressure to perform on them hence passing or failing dos not reflect learning and acquisition of knowledge. This indicates that pupils may pass the exam because of the family, and friends pressure, and not as a result that they have achieved the goal of learning. This proves that stakeholders should come together and come up with ways to evaluate and assess learners in the learning process so as to send out qualified professionals that can be depended on to improve economies of the world and offer management expertise in global organizations. Academic performance has been set as a mark in the employment subject which has seen people with good certificates enter the job world. However, it has been argued that some of these people are considered incompetent e ven though they possess certificates with wonderful grades. This raises alarm on the merits of learning since in several high learning institutions, it is the choice and decision of the respective lectures that make or break a professional from the class environment. Proper machinery and

Corporate Strategy Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words - 1

Corporate Strategy - Essay Example One of the initiatives that assisted HSBC in gaining increasing revenues was introduced in 2000s and called â€Å"managing for value†. The strategy emphasized the Group’s unique balance of business and earnings between the older, mature economies and the faster-growing emerging markets. For example, the acquisition of all of Lloyds TSB’s onshore and offshore assets related to Brazil in 2003 was a strategic step previewed by this initiative. Following the expansion to emerging markets, HSBC has grown from 51 countries in 1991 to 79 in 2003. At the same time, the company was strengthening its presence in developed markets such as the US, Switzerland and Luxembourg through the acquisition of Republic New York Corporation and Safra Republic Holdings S.A. for US $9.85 billion. Through these and other acquisitions throughout 2000s, HSBC aimed at delivering wealth management in key financial centers around the world1. A huge step towards gaining the eurozone market share came with the acquisition of Credit Commercial de France (CCF) in April 2000 for US $ 11 billion. By settling down in France, HSBC has got access to a personal, corporate, investment and private banking of all Europe in this way strengthening its presence in the developed countries. This acquisition and other initiatives contributed to a continuing improvement on the company’s performance, in which profits of shareholders grew from US $4,318 million in 1998 to US $6,239 million in 2002. Another initiative that strongly consolidated HSBC was its initiative to adopt the unified brand using HSBC and its hexagon symbol nearly everywhere it operated. In 2000, the corporation launched Premier round the clock international sercices for the Group’s most valuable personal customers. Since 2002, the HSBC identity has carried the tagline of â€Å"The world’s local bank†, outlining the Group’s experience and understanding of the various markets and cultures. The adoption of the

Critical Reflection of Learning Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Critical Reflection of Learning - Essay Example Secondly in this area, instructors have been shown as the real professionals and experts who administer the skills to learners as a way of passing knowledge from one generation to another. It is in this group that professionalism and integrity should be stressed so as to ensure that right and correct curriculum and procedure is followed. The government of the day is a unique figure in the propagation of knowledge in the country. They formulate policies that will improve the delivery of knowledge in academic excellence. They depend on learning centers and organizations so as to produce sufficient and qualified personnel which will carry on the nation in the coming generations. It is with this great interest and dependence of learning process that this paper shall outline the benefits of critical reflection so as to improve learning and enhance efficiency for both learners and instructors. Learning depends on a systemic guide that elaborates the academic procedure and curriculum which instructors lead learners through it, and assessment and evaluation is done to show if learning has taken place or not. Good performance in assessment and evaluation through examinations is seen as positive, while failure is shown to suggest that learning has not taken place. This critically does not reflect the true identity of learning process. This is because examiners may wish to examine learners in a specific topic or module which may not be friendly with the learner hence the poor performance of the student. This therefore, suggests that the student may have failed in this area but well equipped in other topics which may not have been examined. This illustration makes an argument that examination may not be the best tool to reflection of the learning process since it does not indicate all the possible avenues of education. On the hand, those who may have performed well in the exam may have had a good time with the topic examined hence their performance. Environment is a great contributor in the performance of a student that may enable one to perform well or poor. In cases where tension is identified, learners may be affected in their performance. Parents and instructors who threaten their children put pressure to perform on them hence passing or failing dos not reflect learning and acquisition of knowledge. This indicates that pupils may pass the exam because of the family, and friends pressure, and not as a result that they have achieved the goal of learning. This proves that stakeholders should come together and come up with ways to evaluate and assess learners in the learning process so as to send out qualified professionals that can be depended on to improve economies of the world and offer management expertise in global organizations. Academic performance has been set as a mark in the employment subject which has seen people with good certificates enter the job world. However, it has been argued that some of these people are considered incompetent e ven though they possess certificates with wonderful grades. This raises alarm on the merits of learning since in several high learning institutions, it is the choice and decision of the respective lectures that make or break a professional from the class environment. Proper machinery and

Personal essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 1

Personal - Essay Example This paper aims to define what is important to me and how I realized the significant role of it in my life. Moreover, it provides an account of the event that helped me realize the actual worth of it in the life of other people. I always knew the importance of money and its power in the modern world. I have always been conscious about having the best thing out of the list. Of course, nothing can be bought without spending money today. I used to spend a lot on shopping, eating, gaming and partying. However, I always knew that it is ‘money’ that buys me everything. I used to be a spendthrift and was not much conscious about the amount that I used to spend on things and friends. I never thought that there might be some people living in bad circumstances who might not be able to meet their necessities even. I being a person of a selfish nature did not ever pay enough heed to the necessities of other people and went on living my life so that i made the most of it. Once my friend commented on my way of leading life by saying ‘Do you ever think of saving money as you would not be left with anything when you’d need this money later onwards in your life? And i sarcastically replied ‘T he best way of saving money is to forget who you borrowed it from’ A group project to slum (bad housing) in 11th grade brought a great twist in my life. During the project, I met people who were facing severe difficulties and were fighting everyday to get access to food, clothing and other needs. The places in which these individuals resided were in such a bad condition that a disease would spread with the speed of light in the vicinities. Sanitation and health facilities were not adequate enough to provide them with the basis of a healthy life. Education was yet another factor in that area as the children there could not even get to study. Their situation made me realize the importance of money and resources which i possessed. This

Projection & people Essay Example for Free

Projection people Essay The way a person projects him r herself affects how people perceive him or her as an individual. A person can either have a positive or a negative self-image. In the workplace, a poplar employee has a positive self-image and high self-esteem while an unpopular one has a negative self-image. People live through each day trying to project a positive self-image. Self-image is how one views himself, which includes the strengths and weaknesses that a person believes he or she has (Selk and Wilkins 69). For other people, self-image is about self-impressions that can give them confidence with regards to their actions and thoughts. If a person projects a positive self-image, he or she will be perceived by people around him or her as a capable person (â€Å"What is Self-Image? †). Self-image is related to self-esteem; wherein the latter is about believing that one is capable, lovable, and treats other people with respect (Clarke xi). Having a high self-esteem can affect the person, as self-esteem can affect how he or she feels about him or herself. Self-esteem can also make someone look good, productive, and effective (Clarke 5). All these things can contribute to the happiness of the person (â€Å"What is Self-Image? †). This is especially true in the workplace. There would always be someone who rises above the rest, and then there would be someone who might as well have seemed invisible. This has something to do with the way that a person projects him or herself towards other people. Self-image and self-esteem can make people stand out. A person who has a positive self-image is happy, has a healthy self-esteem, and feels independent and competent. Some people would say that image is everything. The manner at which someone sees him or herself is an important aspect that can influence his or her behavior and how that person relates to the people around him or her. A popular employee in the workplace exudes a positive self-image and self-esteem which then attracts other people. Researches have shown that self-image can affect one’s job performance. There are some people whose work ethic was influenced by self-image. Others found out that once they change their negative self-image into a positive one, it can help them get through tough times at work. Having a positive self-image can also eliminate any negative thought and doubts. Those who have a positive self-image believe in themselves and in what they can do. They can also turn away from things that could pull them down (Selk and Wilkins 75). An employee whom nobody seems to notice has the opposite characteristics. Having a low concept of self-image has adverse effects. This employee doubts him or herself and the things that he or she can do. This is because there is no one to praise the person’s achievements. Many of unpopular employees are also treated inferiorly by others. This in turn leads them to lose confidence on their abilities. Also, they will tend to make self-debasing comments. Researches have also pointed out that these people are at risk of depression (â€Å"Self-Image†). People do not approach someone of these characteristics because he or she has no confidence and projects him or herself negatively. Furthermore, a person with negative self-image does not have much confidence in relationships. Thus, he or she does not have many friends (Perera). Self-image is how one perceives him or herself. It is an important aspect for people to improve their job and relationships. A person who projects him or herself positively will be liked by everyone. This person possesses positive thoughts and feelings. A person with negative self-image, on the other hand, tends to be ignored in the workplace because he or she projects negatively to others. This kind of individual has low opinion of him or herself and of his or her own performance; and as such, this person tends to be treated inferiorly. Works Cited Clarke, Jean Illsley. Self-Esteem: A Family Affair. United States: Hazelden, 1998. Perera, Karl. 2008. â€Å"Self-Image – What does it Mean? † More Self-Esteem. 17 March 2009 http://www. more-selfesteem. com/selfimage. htm. â€Å"Self-Image. † 2009. Truth Media Internet Group. 17 March 2009 http://truthmedia. com/resources/self-image/. â€Å"What is Self-Image? † n. d. Mountain state, Centers for Independent Learning. 17 March 2009 http://www. mtstcil. org/skills/image-1. html.

Assessing The Conflict And Consensus Approaches

Assessing The Conflict And Consensus Approaches Consensus is a concept of society in which the absence of conflict is seen as the equilibrium state of society based on a general or widespread agreement among all members of a particular society. The consensus ideology proposes that society consists of social institutions which are all dependent of each other and are vital for maintaining social order. The consensus theory highlights harmony, integration and stability. Functionalists argue that the main institutional groupings play a tremendous role in determining the culture of society. These, as example include economic, politics, family and kinship, as well as media. Economic growth plays a role as well because it affects the way certain societies think and how they run their everyday lives. The functionalist perspective is rooted in the work of Emile Durkheim (1858-1917) and gives the view of society as an organism in which each part functions in a certain way to ensure the stability of the whole. Though society is something which exists on its own it has a structure of parts that maintains it. The parts are institutions like the family or the church, which are useful or functional in some way, but if the institution was no longer functional it would disappear and be replaced like a passing fashion. People involved in these institutions may not be aware of their function, but because the institution exists certain effects follow. Institutions are long lasting so therefore functional. The foundations of functionalism explain how social inequality is necessary to motivate the more talented members of society to train to fulfil the demands of social positions which are functionally more important than others. They list the rank order of positions as religion, government, wealth and technical knowledge and point out that only a limited number of people have the talents which can be turned into the skills needed for these positions. This takes training which means social and financial sacrifices are made, so in order to encourage people to undergo this training, and to endure the demands of the future position itself, they are given certain privileges. This may include access to scarce resources such as property, power and prestige. This access to scarce resources produces stratification but also inequality in the amount of resources allocated to different people. This inequality is both functional and inevitable. Functionalist theories state that education meets the needs of the industrial society as well as the cultural society and has the important role of socialising the individual to fit into, and continue, the social system. Individuals are born into a society that already has an identity of its own and education has the function of passing on shared values and skills. Where functionalism uses consensus, shared norms and values and concepts such as order, harmony, cohesion and integration, Marxism takes a different view. Marx argues that that economic inequality is at the heart of all societies. Conflict is a disagreement or clash between opposing ideas, principles, or people-this can be a covert or overt conflict. The conflict perspective is based on many conflict approaches. In spite of their inconsequential differences, they all have a model of society as a whole and they collectively share the view of the structural approach. Additionally, all perspectives, in some form or another, share the notion that sociological groups have different interests. As a result, they propose that conflicts are always probable since that when different groups advocate their own individual interests, it tends to cause disagreement and in certain situations, resentment. Arguably, the two most prestigious standpoints within the approach are the Marxist and feminist conflict theories. A major difference between functionalism and the conflict perspective is that the conflict approach accentuates the existence of competi ng groups whilst functionalism views groups as being fully cooperative. Conflict theorists emphasise conflict and contradiction whereas consensus theorists maintain that societys institutions work within functional unity. The conflict paradigm (particular Marxists), conversely, holds that society has an infrastructure and a superstructure that work independently. The ideology considers value as being the mechanisms for keeping society together. Conflict theorists reject the assertion and claim that values are imposed by the powerful groups in society. Conflict theory, proposes that conflict, struggle and change are more prevailing within society. Marxism sees human history as a class struggle, with oppressor and oppressed wrestling for control. The dominant class controls and owns the means of production or wealth generation, and the working class in therefore controlled by them. Welfare is a result of the strength of working-class resistance to exploitation, a concession the dominant class must make to maintain social order. Programmes such as welfare and pensions help to legitimise the capitalist system with the working class. Welfare then becomes another vehicle for power and control by the dominant class. Its purpose is to placate rather than empower the poor, and seeks to reduce the individual to a state of dependency on those in power. According to Marxist theory, society has unfolded in a series of ever-progressing and better structures, as defined by their economic development and modes of production, from the primitive communal to slave-based to feudal to capitalist. The final stage was communism. This was predicted to be the best possible means of governance and structure of society, one that would erase inequalities and allow individuals to achieve their full potential and value within their community. Marxism viewed the individual as part of a collective organism, society. Inequalities in society resulted from distinction in classes, not particular individual decisions or behaviours. Conflict was between these classes, and rooted in struggle for power. Marxism assumes the individual can and will contribute to the greater community as much as they are able, and will be motivated by the common good. When society has evolved or elevated itself to this place, inequalities will be dealt with appropriately The problem with broad application of Marxist theory is that individuals do take advantage. As Wes Sharrock 1977 puts it: The conflict view is founded upon the assumption that society may provide extraordinarily good lives for some usually only possible because the great majority are oppressed and degraded. Difference of interest are therefore as important to society as agreements upon riles and values, and most societies are so organised that they not only provide greater benefits for some than for others Social conflict differs from consensus because it is interested in the way unenequal distribution of advantage in a society structures behaviour and is interested in the conflict inherent in such a society. The Marxist perspective concentrates on the differences between groups and concepts such as control, conflict, power, domination and exploitation. This is the theory based on the work of Karl Marx (1818-1833) Marx felt that social class was the main form of inequality and saw only two significant social classes. He maintained that it was capitalist industrialisation that led to this two class society, the bourgeoisie who owned the means of production (e.g. factories) and the proletariat who became the wage labourers (working in the factories). What the bourgeoisie, therefore, produces, above all, is its own grave diggers. Its fall and the victory of the proletariat are equally inevitable. (Marx and Engels. 1848) Is social stratification socially constructed. Throughout the ages there has always been evidence in stratification and how it is socially moulded into almost everything. It can be seen In families, the workforce, in politics and international from one country to another, male against female, ages from young to the old and from the rich to the poor. It is even seen in the animal kingdom and it appears to be a natural instinctive survival mechanism but one that is unfair. It seems to happen when one or more people having a belief in something which in turn over powers the next therefore creating a layer with a low medium and high for example the class system of the poor and the bourgeoisie It depends on the individuals definition of social stratification however one may understand it as a form of hierarchy which is displayed almost in everything and everywhere we are only free when we are first born from then on in we belong to a class starting within the family union through to a much bigger ranking within local to international society. FOUR SECTIONS : RACE GENDER SEX AND AGE There are two reports which have been commissioned by the government to try and find some evidence of variations in health and illness. These are The Black Report (1980) chaired by Sir Douglas Black and The Independent Inquiry into Inequalities in Health by Sir Donald Acheson (1998). Firstly, in The Black Report inequalities in human health take a number of distinctive forms. Most attention is given to differences in health as measured over the years between the social (or more strictly occupational) classes. When comparing rates of mortality among men and women in each of the 5 classes. Taking the 2 extremes as a point of comparison it can be seen that for both men and women the risk of death before retirement is two-and-a-half times as great in class 5 (unskilled manua1 workers and their wives), as it is in class 1 (professional men and their wives). One of the most distinctive features of human health in the advanced societies is the gap in life expectancy between men and women. This phenomenon carries important implications for all spheres of social policy but especially health, since old age is a time when demand for health care is at its greatest and the dominant pattern of premature male mortality has added the exacerbating problem of isolation to the situation of elderly women who frequently survive their partners by many years. The imbalance in the ratio of males to females in old age is the cumulative product of health inequalities between the sexes during the whole lifetime. These inequalities are found in every occupational class demonstrating that gender and class exert highly significant and different influences on the quality and duration of life in modern society. Rates of age-specific mortality vary considerably between the regions which make up the United Kingdom. Using mortality as an indicator of health the healthiest part of Britain appears to be the southern belt (below a line drawn across the country from the Wash to the Bristol Channel). This part of the country has not always exhibited the low rates of mortality that are found there today. In the middle of the nineteenth century, the South East of England recorded comparatively high rates of death, while other regions like Wales and the far North had a rather healthier profile. The fluctuation in the distribution of mortality over the years suggests that social (including industrial and occupational) as much as natural factors must be at work in creating the pattern of regional health inequalities. One of the most important dimensions of inequality in contemporary Britain is race. Immigrants to this country from the so-called new Commonwealth, whose ethnic identity is clearly visible in the colour of their skin, are known to experience greater difficulty in finding work and adequate housing (Smith, 1976). Given, for example, these social and economic disabilities it is to be expected that they might also record rather high than average rates of mortality and morbidity. Class differences in mortality are a constant feature of the entire human lifetime. They are found at birth, during the first year of life, in childhood, adolescence and in adult life. In general they are more marked the start of life and in early adulthood. Average life expectancy provides a useful summary of the cumulative impact of these advantages and disadvantages throughout life. A child born to professional parents, if he or she is not socially mobile, can expect to spend over 5 years more as a living person than a child born to an unskilled manual household. At birth and during the first month of life the risk of death in class 5 is double the risk in class 1. When the fortunes of babies born to skilled manual fathers are compared with those who enter the world as the offspring of professional workers the risk of mortality is one and half times as great. From the end of the first month to the end of the first year, class differentials in infant mortality reach a peak of disadvantage. For the death of every one male infant in class 1, we can expect almost 4 deaths in class 5. In adult life, class differences in mortality are found for many different causes. As in childhood the rate of accidental death and infectious disease forms a steep gradient especially among men; moreover an extraordinary variety of causes of deaths such as cancer, heart and respiratory disease also differentiate between the classes. The duration of the human lifetime is one of the best means of approximating the lifelong pattern of health of individuals and whole populations. As we have seen, the risk of premature death in Britain today is systematically related to socioeconomic variables. This association is not new or unusual. Death rates have always been relatively high among the underprivileged and materially deprived sections of communities. Why this should continue to be so in an era characterised by new patterns of disease, increased purchasing power, and state provision of free medical care is more perplexing. In infancy and childhood where the class gradients are steep, the major causes of death are in many ways directly linked to poverty and to environmental risk. In adulthood the relationship between health and class becomes more complex and in old age social and economic deprivation becomes a common experience. Both Cartwright and OBrien (1976) and Buchan and Richardson (1973) have studied GP consultations in depth. Both investigations showed that middle class patients tended to have longer consultations than did working class ones. More problems were discussed at consultations with middle class patients than with working class ones. Cartwright and OBrien also found that middle class patients were, in a sense, able to make better use of the consultation time, as measured by the number of items of information communicated and the number of questions asked. Moreover even though working class patients tended to have been with the same practice for longer, the doctors seemed to have more knowledge of the personal and domestic circumstances of their middle class patients. In an earlier study Cartwright had found that middle class patients were more likely to be visited by their GP when in hospital than were working class patients (Cartwright, 1964). For cultural reasons then, and also because th ere is a tendency for the better doctors to work in middle class areas, the suggestion is that middle class patients receive a better service when they do present themselves than do working class patients. In the case of family planning and maternity services substantial evidence shows that those social groups in greatest need make least use of services and (in the case of antenatal care) are least likely to come early to the notice of the service. Cartwright (1970) found clear class gradients in the proportion of mothers having an antenatal examination, attending a family planning clinic, and discussing birth control with their GP. Unintended pregnancies were more common among working class women. Bone (1973) also found that women from the non-manua1 classes make more use of family planning services than those from the manual classes. This was true both for married and for unmarried women. Similar differences have been found in presentation for post-natal examination (Douglas and Rowntree, 1949) and (by Gordon, 1951) immunisation, ante-natal and post natal supervision and uptake of vitamin foods. The National Child Development Study (1958 birth cohort) found substantial differences in immunisation rates in children aged 7, as well as in attendance at the dentist. Among women, it has been found that those in classes 4 and 5 are much less likely to be screened for cervical cancers even though mortality from this condition is much higher in these classes than in the non-manual classes. In the Acheson report, the findings were much the same as The Black Report. The Acheson Report has also shown that health was improving but more for the higher than lower social classes. Premature mortality, that is death before age 65, is higher among people who are unskilled. If all men in this age group had the same death rates as those in classes I and II, it is estimated that there would have been over 17,000 fewer deaths each year from 1991 to 1993. Deaths from accidents and suicide occur at relatively young ages and each contribute nearly as much to overall years of working life lost as coronary heart disease. Death rates from all three causes are higher among those in the lower social classes, and markedly so among those in class V (Office for National Statistics and Blane Drever 1998). In adulthood, being overweight is a measure of possible ill health, with obesity a risk factor for many chronic diseases. There is a marked social class gradient in obesity which is greater among women than among men. (Colhoun and Prescott-Clarke, 1996), (Prescott-Clarke and Primatesta 1997), (Prescott-Clarke and Primatesta 1998). In 1996, 25 per cent of women in class V were classified as obese compared to 14 per cent of women in class I. Another indicator of poor health is raised blood pressure. There is a clear social class differential among women, with those in higher classes being less likely than those in the manual classes to have hypertension. In 1996, 17 per cent of women in class I and 24 per cent in class V had hypertension. There was no such difference for men where the comparable proportions were 20 per cent and 21 per cent respectively (Prescott-Clarke and Primatesta 1997). Across different ethnic groups, there are very different rates of unemployment. Those from minority ethnic groups have higher rates than the white population. Black men have particularly high unemployment rates as do Pakistani and Bangladeshi women (Office for National Statistics 1998). Between 1982 and 1992, there was a steep increase in the number of households accepted by Local Authorities as homeless. Since then, there has been a decrease of about a quarter. Of the 166,000 households classified as homeless in 1997, over 103,000 were accepted by local authorities to be unintentionally homeless and in priority need. Over half of households accepted by local authorities as homeless had dependent children and a further tenth had a pregnant household member (Department of the Environment, Transport and the Regions 1997 and 1998). There is a clear social class gradient for both men and women in the proportion who smoke. In 1996, this ranged from 12 per cent of professional men to 41 per cent of men in unskilled manual occupations and from 11 per cent to 36 per cent for women (Office for National Statistics 1998). In spite of the major class differences in dependence on alcohol in men (Meltzer et al 1995), there are very small differences in the reported quantities consumed. This is not the case among women where higher consumption is related to higher social class (Office for National Statistics 1998). People in lower socioeconomic groups tend to eat less fruit and vegetables, and less food which is rich in dietary fibre. As a consequence, they have lower intakes of anti-oxidant and other vitamins, and some minerals, than those in higher socioeconomic groups (Colhoun and Prescott-Clarke 1996), (Ministry of Agriculture, Fisheries and Food 1996), (Department of Health 1989), (Gregory et al 1990), (Gregory et al 1995). One aspect of dietary behaviour that affects the health of infants is the incidence of breastfeeding. Six weeks after birth, almost three quarters of babies in class I households are still breastfed. This declines with class to less than one quarter of babies in class V. The differences between classes in rates of breastfeeding at six weeks has narrowed slightly between 1985 and 1995 (Foster et al 1997). Class inequalities in health have been accounted for in a number of different ways. The report of the DHSS Inequalities in Health Working Group The Black Report lists four types of explanation. These are inequality as an artefact, inequality as natural selection, inequality as material deprivation and inequality as cultural deprivation. The artefact explanation argues that inequalities in health are not real but artificial. They are an effect produced in the attempt to measure something which is more complicated than the tools of measurement can appreciate. It is argued that changes in the occupational structure are likely to combine with age to confound any attempt to measure inequality in mortality even at one point in time. It is suggested that the age structure of social class 5 is likely to be biased towards older workers because younger recruits to the labour force will have entered better paid, more skilled occupations, that have expanded since the war. Since the mortality risk increases with the age, this effect is likely to enlarge the rate of social class 5 as a whole. If so, the observed gradient is really caused by the skewed age structure of the unskilled manual class rather than by the poorer health of its members. The most persuasive attempt to explain health inequalities as the outcome of a process natural selection, has been put forward by the statistician, Jon Stern. He argues that those people with better health move up the social class ladder and those with poorer health move down the social class ladder (Stern 1983). Stern defines health as a fixed or genetic property of individuals largely independent of their immediate social and economic environment. His argument rests on the assumption that health itself increases the probability of social mobility and that the class structure permits movement up and down. This means that no matter how deprived the social background, a genetic potentiality for good health will enable a person to overcome material disadvantage and climb out of poverty. Material deprivation means a shortage of the material resources on which healthy human existence depends. This means that health is directly affected by the material circumstances in which people live. In less developed societies (poor housing) its effects may appear in very high death rates from diseases primarily caused by malnutrition and exposure. People in poverty may not be able to afford or access healthy foods to stay healthy or they may become ill more often because of poorly heated homes. Health inequality as cultural deprivation means that the poor have a self destructive culture which leads them to become ill because of the lifestyles and personal habits in which they engage, for example, smoking, alcohol, poor diet and lack of exercise, but these poor health behaviours are also a strategy to cope with the persistent material deprivation they experience. The psycho social explanation suggests that long term chronic stresses are unevenly distributed in society, basically in line with class position (structural inequalities). The impact of stresses depends on how individuals view them, subjectively, and deal with them. This, in turn, depends on the buffering resources we have in terms of personality, social background, location in the social structure, education, financial resources, and the supportiveness of the social environment. The social environment and the social location can generate self efficacy which is a feeling of personal control, mastery over ones life, instrumentalism (opposite concept to fatalism, powerlessness, learned helplessness). Self efficacy is the extent to which individuals see themselves in control of the forces which have a significant influence on their lives. Self efficacy is linked to self esteem, self concept, social support and individuals coping style. In other words, the psycho-social approach forges a link between class position and vulnerability to social stresses. Wilkinson et al (1990) discuss a social cohesion approach and argue that social and power inequalities (i.e. authoritarian hierarchies and non democratic social organisations, and potential status inequalities such as gender and ethnicity) will affect the quality of social relationships. Where inequalities produce anger, frustration, fear insecurity and negative emotion, social relations will suffer. Better health is linked to better social relations, through trust, more security, more social support, more self esteem, self respect, a sense of belonging and less financial and material disadvantage. Thus democratic and participatory styles of social organisation from the family to political organisations have a health enhancing effect. A life course theory regards health as reflecting the patterns of social, psychological and biological advantages and disadvantages experienced by the individual over time. A life course theory of health inequality regards these patterns as being profoundly affected by the position of individuals and families in social and economic structures and hierarchies of status. However, these links themselves depend on the political and cultural environment, which means that there is a need for a life course political economy of health, which examines the ways in which economic and social policies influence the accumulation of material and psycho social risk. The ways in which advantages and disadvantages combine over the life course influence both how long each individual may spend in good health, and also what form of illness they may acquire. In conclusion, there are many inequalities in health and all the findings from The Black Report in 1980 are still around today, which was shown in The Acheson Report. The table below shows the standardised mortality rates (SMRs) for ten equal-sized geographical areas in terms of population (or deciles). SMRs which are greater than 100 indicate higher chances of mortality, all relative to the national average. The table demonstrates a continuing polarisation in mortality rates. People living in the best areas have an improving life expectancy, whilst those in the worst areas face a decline, to such an extent that by 1998, those in the worst areas were twice as likely to die by the age of 65 as those in the best areasgraph showing Standardised mortality ratios for deaths under 65 in Britain by deciles of population, 1950-1998 graph showing Health inequalities in infant mortality (by social class for sole registrations)

Death Penalty Essay -- essays research papers fc

To Kill or Not To Kill   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Man has always depended on punishment to enforce the laws necessary for the survival of both himself and his species. But how can man justify committing murder as a punishment for just that, murder. This is an argument that our modern society has wrestled with for decades. This essay will attempt to shed some light on this highly controversial subject and at the same time, try and put to rest the age old argument of what human morality should allow.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  According to a study conducted at the University of Iowa in 1998, states that have the death penalty had the same or higher murder rates as those that don’t. However, some of the lowest crime rates on the planet belong to China, a country to which the death penalty is hardly a stranger. This suggests that if given enough time and stiffer enforcement the death penalty could eventually have significant effects on the crime rate here in North America.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Another good argument against the death penalty is the simple fact that it relies on a justice system that is far from perfect and that unlike other sentences, it cannot be overturned. Statistically, two out of every three death row inmates will later be found innocent and with the introduction of new evidence, such as DNA, this number will only increase. North America’s prison system however, runs on the principle of rehabilitation and since it is believed that for certa...

Piaget And Vygotsky Were Both Considered Constructivists Education Essay

Piaget and Vygotsky were both considered constructivists. Constructivism is a theory of learning and larning based on the thought that knowledge is developed through mental building. This suggests that worlds learn, building new cognition by patching together their past experiences. Another similarity between Piaget and Vygotsky is that they both believe social influences set up the boundaries of cognitive growing. The chief thoughts in Piaget ‘s and Vygotsky ‘s theories sing intelligence differ. Harmonizing to Piaget, intelligence was a merchandise of action. He believed that kids learn by interaction with their surrounding and that such acquisition ‘s occur after development. Vygotsky nevertheless, believed that larning occurs before development can and that a kid learns because of history and symbolism. Vygotsky besides thought that kids appreciate input from their milieus every bit good as other people. Piaget on the other manus did non put any importance on the input of others. Piaget and Vygotsky ‘s theories sing the phases of development have differing sentiments every bit good. Piaget ‘s theory of cognitive development is made up of four phases which mark the outgrowth of new rational abilities. The earliest phase is the sensorimotor phase, which occurs between birth and two old ages of age. During this phase babes and immature kids use their senses and motor accomplishments to research the universe. Through physical activity and slightly inadvertent motor physiological reactions intelligence is manifested. Toward the terminal of this phase kids besides get the construct of object permanency, intending that they understand an object is at that place even if the kid can non see it. The following phase in Piaget ‘s theory is known as the preoperational phase. This occurs during ages two through seven. During this phase a kid ‘s linguistic communication and constructs develop quickly, nevertheless their thought procedure is still instead crude. In this phase features such as centration occur, which leaves the kid so focused on one facet of a state of affairs that they fail to see other of import factors. Another feature is that kids are egoistic. They believe that everyone thinks, or has the same demands and desires as they do. The 3rd phase in Piaget ‘s theory is the concrete operational phase, happening between the ages of seven and eleven. During this phase kids begin to see a drastic alteration in their thought procedure. Their ideas go less egoistic and more logical. â€Å" Reversibility, the ability to execute a mental operation and so change by reversal one ‘s thought to return to the get downing point ( Slavin, 2003, p.33 ) † occurs during this phase. Children at this phase still have trouble with abstract idea. The last phase in Piaget ‘s cognitive development theory is identified as the formal operational phase. It is during this phase in which a kid begins to develop abstract and symbolic ideas. It allows conjectural state of affairss to be addressed, and job work outing through experimentation. This development gives immature grownups the ability to ground their manner through state of affairss they have non yet experienced. As discussed Piaget ‘s theory has four specific phases, nevertheless Vygotsky believed that there are no set phases. The first facet of Vygotsky ‘s theory is a mechanism referred to as private address, speaking to oneself. Vygotsky found that it was of import to turn shared cognition into individual cognition. He believed that kids would incorporate the address of others into their job work outing procedure. Private address is normally seen amongst immature kids who talk to themselves openly and frequently. In adulthood private address is besides really of import, although it become soundless and internalized it is still a helpful job work outing tool. Vygotsky ‘s belief of the zone of proximal development is the 2nd portion of his cognitive theory. â€Å" A zone of proximal development is the degree of development instantly above a individual ‘s present degree ( Slavin, 2003, p.44 ) † . The zone of proximal development consists of things a kid can non quite make entirely, but could carry through with aid from a more experient kid or an grownup. It includes undertakings a kid has non yet learned but is capable of larning. Vygotsky believed that to accomplish maximal larning it was of import to work with the zone of proximal development. The concluding thought in Vygotsky ‘s cognitive development theory is scaffolding. This includes utilizing encouragement, hints, reminders and aid in the signifier of suggestion to help the kid in independently larning. By larning to work out jobs independently and without the aid of others, the kid additions the ability to self-regulate. Both Piaget and Vygotsky ‘s cognitive development theories have had an impact on instruction patterns and schoolroom direction. Piaget ‘s theory is used in schoolrooms daily with the usage of developmentally appropriate instruction. Another illustration of Piagetian theory being used in the schoolroom is through custodies on activities. Harmonizing to Piaget, immature kids ( preoperational ) learn through their actions and are non capable of abstract idea, hence supplying a assortment of physical activities for smaller kids is indispensable to any schoolroom agenda. Aspects of Vygotsky ‘s cognitive theory are besides found in many schoolroom scenes. An illustration is a schoolroom which has the kids divided into groups, or tabular arraies. This uses Vygotsky ‘s thoughts sing usage of the zone of proximal development every bit good as scaffolding. By puting kids of changing developmental abilities together for group work, kids have the ability to wise man and learn from each other through scaffolding, every bit good as work in their zone of proximal development. It is clear that cognitive development theories play an of import function in turn toing the educational demands and larning methods of kids of changing phases. Through the theories provided by Piaget and Vygotsky it is possible to make a better schoolroom experience for non merely the pupil but the instructor every bit good. When a instructor uses methods to learn kids developmentally appropriate stuff, it makes for a more gratifying and contributing acquisition environment. Thankss to such psychologists as Piaget and Vygotsky, instructors today have the tools available to them to make such an environment.

Privacy on Social Networks

Network Sites (SNS) are websites that allow users to upload information to a public profile, create a list of online friends, and browse the profiles of other users of the SNS. The websites have membership rules and community standards. Users disclose identity-relevant information via their profile to others. This information is referential, directly referring to a person, or attributive, describing attributes to the data subject. Although most laws and regulations restrict the access to referential information, attributive information is not protected as such. However, the aggregation of large amounts of attributive information on SNS profiles poses new privacy risks, disclose identity-relevant information via their profile to others. Also, the privacy options in social networking sites do not work out in the way they are supposed to do. Keep your private life private! What does social network do? In real life, you have a circle of your friends. But what about their friends? And the friends of the friends of your friends? You can get to know people from literally any part of the world. That means you are sharing information with them. And that also means you are sharing a lot of information that you don't want to share! Information spreads faster through a Social Network Site than through a real? life network. Information might be disclosed to a group of people unexpectedly, because the digital information is easily copied, can be stored indefinitely and is searchable. It especially harms users when information travels through different social spheres, and ends up with people whom it was not intended for. People have been fired, missed out on job interviews and academic opportunities, and been suspended from school for instant messages, wall posts and other messages they mistakenly thought were like private real world conversations with friends. Do not post anything in social networks that you won't want to shout out in public. You can send private emails for that, but NEVER social networks. Social network is a place where you never know whom you are sharing private information with unless you yourself created the network! So be careful, stay safe! Applications and external links on social networking sites Have you ever used the ‘applications' of facebook, myspace or any other social networking sites? Did you read the policies of that site about those applications? In most cases, the games or applications owners have access to almost all of your information that you provided in your social networking account. Moreover, they may also use them for commercial purposes. Some of these applications may offer you to participate in a survey to earn ‘credits' or virtual ‘money'. You might, for example, earn some quick Farmville cash by answering a brief survey. Sounds a lot better than using your credit card, right? But you're probably safer breaking out your wallet. TechCruch cites one instance in which players could win currency if they filled out such a survey. At the end of the survey, they would be asked to provide their phone number so that they can receive a PIN via text to get the results. Once they've entered that PIN into the site, they're subscribed to a horoscope service for $9. 99 per month–something they won't know unless they diligently read all the fine print. Ouch. The victims could immediately try to cancel the subscription, of course, but they could still end up being charged. Unwanted charges aren't the only thing players are susceptible to: Social networking games make you a target for viruses and hackers as well. You will find a couple of threads in Zynga's community forums in which moderators warn users against accepting any gifts or invitations within a certain game on Facebook. (They didn't specify exactly what would happen if users accepted these buggy gifts or requests! ) Sometimes users also claim that a bug in the game wiped out all of their game progress. That can be pretty devastating for someone who has dedicated lots of time and money to it. Laws to minimize privacy threats Not all threats for privacy in Social Network Sites materialize and damage users in the same way. A risk analysis approach is needed to incorporate these insecurities into the analysis. The experts identified multiple threats for users of Social Network Sites. When these threats materialize, they become incidents that affect a certain amount of people. However, not all of these incidents damage users in the same way. The damage incurred depends on the type of threat and the perception of the user. Laws are directed at preventing the threats from materializing. More specifically, American tort laws create means for people to find compensations against the damages they incurred. Experts rate to what extent the tort laws address the threats for privacy and resulting damages they identified. The ratings of the various tort laws are depicted in illustration below. In 1986, Congress passed the Stored Communications Act as part of the Electronic Communications Privacy Act to address privacy issues attendant to the advent of the internet. Through the SCA, Congress intended to restrict disclosure of private communications by providers of electronic communications services. However, when Congress passed the SCA, the internet was in its infancy. The few networks available to consumers, such as Prodigy and America Online, were self-contained, and most people had never heard of the term e-mail, let alone utilized the limited form of electronic messaging that existed at the time. The World Wide Web did not yet exist, and it would be nearly a decade before the introduction of the web browser in the mid-1990s. Do you think the social networking sites abide by laws? Just because they are popular and big-game websites, doesn't mean their policies are always convenient for you. The Privacy Policies of popular social networking sites were found contradictory to the Canadian privacy law. In July 2009, the Privacy Commissioner of Canada issued a report on an in-depth investigation triggered by a complaint from the Canadian Internet Policy and Public Interest Clinic. Third-party application developers Deactivation of accounts Personal information of non-users Accounts of deceased users Uses of user information Facebook did agree to change their privacy policies to avoid being banned or may be sued by Canadian government. But did that really make any difference? The Privacy Commissioner herself expressed dissatisfaction with the result. â€Å"While Facebook took some steps to resolve privacy concerns, the Commissioner remained dissatisfied by Facebook’s response at the end of the investigation. She was particularly concerned about the risks posed by the over-sharing of personal information with third-party developers of Facebook applications such as games and quizzes. † [Source: News release from Privacy Commission of Canada; Ottawa, August 27, 2009: ‘Facebook agrees to address Privacy Commissioner's concerns'] As having access to other people's private information is getting easier, laws can do a very little to protect us. We, ourselves have to be aware of where our information is going and who can have access to it.

Treatment of a patient with dog-bite wounds Research Paper

Treatment of a patient with dog-bite wounds - Research Paper Example Upon seeing the patent, the first indication was to treat her with flucloxacillin. However, flucloxacillin. However, I just realized that most dog and cat bites contain Pasteurella multocida which is ten times more likely to cause infections after an animal bite and in many cases this is resistant to flucloxacillin (Morgan & Palmer, 2007). Hence, flucolcaxicillin is to be used with other medication and this was going to cause more complications for the patient.Hence, there was the need to select a more specialized medication. There was the need for a medication that will help the patient to deal with any growing threat of infection that could result from the dog bite. This is because allied complications like tetanus and other possibilities were effectively eliminated. In this case, the patient is a 30-year-old lady. In this situation, the patient is to be viewed as an adult and a female. And hence, her condition and situation were to be considered in-depth. As a matured patient, she was expected to be capable of signing her contracts and also dealing with various complications. However, further details like her work commitments and family commitments were necessary to arrive at the right and most appropriate approach and method of dealing with the situation. With the information available, it was apparent that she qualified for adult medication and other social considerations like going home and going to work among other things were to be considered.

How would you describe the protagonist of The Snows of Kilimanjaro Essay

How would you describe the protagonist of The Snows of Kilimanjaro Name three of his most important characteristics and supp - Essay Example While Henry waits for the approach of the inevitable hour, the plot of the story moves ahead through the recollection of his thoughts of spectacular experience of the poor and â€Å"interesting lot†. The story is also captivated with the remorse and repentance of Henry during his final hours as he estimates the time he has wasted in his decadent life instead of writing down his wonderful experiences. A thorough understanding and deep delineation of the story would launch the readers into three most pertinent characteristics of Henry’s personality. The first obvious trait in his personality is his impatient nature. Henry is seen to be impatient and pessimist throughout the story. He is in a continuous quest and his thought process is also observed moving faster. He is hopeless and he is sure that no aid can be given to him except a peaceful death which according to him he is denied at the camp as well, â€Å"Don't be silly. I'm dying now. Ask those bastards. He looked o ver to where the huge, filthy birds sat, their naked heads sunk in the hunched feathers. A fourth planed down to run quick-legged and then waddle slowly toward the others†. (Hemingway, 1998). Henry is seen blaming others for his failure which is an indication of a very nagging behaviour.

David Bowie and Performativity Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words - 1

David Bowie and Performativity - Essay Example This argument will serve as a lens in analysing David Bowie’s song, â€Å"Queen Bitch.† The song revolves around a hustler prostitute seducing a gay man’s boyfriend. Using stereotyped language and images and an upbeat tone and guitar melody, Bowie challenges the narratives of authentic identity by undermining sexual gender roles and asserting his own lack of performance in contrast to the aggressive nature of the Queen Bitch, although he realises that his gay performative acts include sexual liberation from an unfaithful relationship that is doomed because of heterosexual desires. Butler believes that gender is not biologically-based, but created in the past, and Bowie uses stereotyped language to support that feminine gender is subjected to socially-produced heteronormativity, which society designed for male desires. Butler asserts that gender is â€Å"tenuously constituted in time† (901). The tenuous part can be ascribed to gender norms and roles that ar e passed on from one generation to another, particularly in patriarchal societies that men design and control. Bowie specifically questions the gender norm of the female bitch. In describing her clothing, he demeans the clothing that women wear to attract the male gender: â€Å"She's so swishy in her satin and tat/In her frock coat/and bipperty-bopperty hat† (lines 13-15). The satin and tat are an odd mix because satin can be related to sophistication, while tat is a form of laced clothing. The combination suggests a cheap imitation of the ideal virginal woman. â€Å"Bipperty-bopperty† seems to be onomatopoeic, like something is being conjured out of magic. The effect is that the hat is as â€Å"fake† or as â€Å"contrived† as the woman. To stress the poor choice of clothing of the prostitute, Bowie says; â€Å"Oh God, I could do better than that† (16). He curses and calls the name of God, as if saying that even if God made her a woman, he is a bet ter woman, even if he is a man. Society defines manhood and womanhood, so gender is â€Å"tenuously constituted in time,† a time that Bowie finds hard to oppose (Butler 901). Furthermore, heteronormativity is present in the song because the man, who can be inferred as the boyfriend of the singer, is not loyal to the latter, and instead, acts like a stereotyped womaniser. Bowie notes that though the woman is a â€Å"bitch,† the man is a male version of a bitch: â€Å"And he's trying hard/to pull sister Flo† (4-5). The man is not exactly resisting the charms of the woman, whom Bowie calls sister Flo, probably because she goes with the flow, the flow of men with money or looks or both. Bowie shows that society produces slutty women and men within the context of heteronormativity, where male desires shape social norms. Present gender roles and interactions are products of heteronormative desires. Aside from the tenacity of the past in influencing gender norms, Butle r argues that gender is performed. She maintains that gender is â€Å"an identity instituted through a stylized repetition of acts† (901). The stylised repetition of actions pertains to bodily movements that are socially approved for men and women. Bowie notes the social production of queens: â€Å"She's an old-time ambassador/Of sweet talking, night walking games/And she's known in the darkest clubs/For pushing ahead of the dames†

SCC Caf Proposal Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 4

SCC Caf Proposal - Essay Example The chapter begins with the invention of a proposal in which it discusses the factors to consider before creating a proposal. This it explains requires the identification of a need and possible solutions. By analyzing the solutions, it becomes possible for one to develop a realistic proposal that addresses the problem. Organizing and drafting a proposal is yet another vital chapter in the book that explains the structures of proposals and tools available to students to enable them to develop effective proposals. The authors maintain that the use of language is a major factor that affects the effectiveness and usability of proposals among other types of writings. The authors advise the use of simple sentence structure in order to enhance the communication. Use of jargons is advisable only when writing professional proposals since each profession has a set of jargons. Â  The chapter is indeed vital since it addresses the essential type of writing to both students and professionals. However, students are earners and therefore require a reliable point of reference. The chapter offers an effective reference since the authors of the book use simple language and a point-by-point explanation of the process of writing a proposal a feature that makes the book easy to use. Additionally, the authors use the various example just in order to enhance the learners’ comprehension of the facts and ideas they present in the book. The various illustrations in the chapter coupled with the descriptive language the authors use in the chapter are among the factors that enhance the usability of the chapter thus the book. Â  In retrospect, the chapter offers an effective and elaborate explanation of the topical issue. The authors try their best to develop an effective learning material targeting young learners.