History of Nursing Essay

Over time there have been numerous books about the degree of relevance that nursing is given as a profession and as a form of science. This paper shall seek to present a comparative discussion on two books that are of prominence in this regard. The first is Handling the sick: the women of St. Luke’s and the nature of nursing, 1892-1937 by Tom Craig Olson and Eileen Walsh, while the second is Ordered to care: the dilemma of American nursing, 1850-1945 by Susan Reverby. The following paragraphs shall attempt to highlight the key areas of this book and shall attempt to present a contrast between the perspectives that they present. Susan Reverby states very clearly in the first few pages of her book: â€Å"I will argue that nursing is a form of labor shaped by the obligation to care. But its history, and ultimately its identity cannot be understood unless the bond that has wedded it to womanhood is also unraveled and revealed† (Reverby, 1987, p. 1) It is evident from this excerpt that the focus of Susan Reverby’s book – Ordered to Care is not nursing itself, but nursing as a profession that is generally accredited to women. She does not present details that could be attributed to her perspective of nursing as a profession that can be regarded as equal for both genders but chooses to address nursing as it evolved for the woman of the society and how the woman’s ability to care became an integral part of modern day nursing. In Ordered to Care, Susan Reverby frequently mentions historical events in the history of nursing that served to change the way that nursing is perceived today. She does so in order to present propositions and claims in retrospect and seeks to provide the reader with a cause-and-effect based relationship between the events that she brings up. Susan Reverby is of the opinion that nursing underwent a steady paced process through which it was eventually feminized. She mentions nursing revolutionists such as Elizabeth Christopher Hobson and also mentions pioneers in the field of nursing such as the kinds of Florence Nightingale. Susan Reverby gives special regard to the nursing as a woman’s profession in her book and highlights the areas and events that led to the development of nursing to a point where it can now be considered to be a profession that is free of any form of negative sexuality that could be expected to give room to eroticism as was the case in 1872. A Georgia Sturtevant may have been impressed by hospital order and the gentleness of the nurses, but charity reformer Elizabeth Christopher Hobson was overwhelmed in 1872 by the unspeakable dirt, foul smells and disorder she encountered when touring New York’s Bellevue Hospital† (Reverby, 1987, p. 39) It is however, essential to highlight that through discussions such as the author Susan Reverby is by no means attempting to present a chronological elaboration of nursing but is in fact seeking to develop the bigger picture through which a reader can see exactly how nursing has become the complex profession it is perceived as today. When one was to read Tom Craig Olson and Eileen Walsh’s Handling the sick: the women of St. Luke’s and the nature of nursing, 1892-1937, it is evident that the authors were just as inspired by revolutionary and pioneering figures in the history of nursing as was Susan Reverby in Ordered to care: the dilemma of American nursing. The presence of this relationship can be surmised through the fact that while Susan Reverby chooses to elaborate on the precise implications that Florence Nightingale had on nursing, Tom Craig Olson and Eileen Walsh choose to begin their book with her quotation. In the book Handling the sick: the women of St. Luke’s and the nature of nursing, 1892-1937 by Tom Craig Olson and Eileen Walsh, the authors choose to focus on the development of nursing as a profession with regard to the general external factors that had an implication on nursing when nursing from the late 1890s to the late 1930s. The authors provide an discussion on the evolution of nursing during this time period in manner in which they choose to discuss aspects such as technology and the desire amongst nursing professionals to associate nursing with aspects that pertained to care and concern for patients rather than with aspects that pertained to technological advancements. Also, while Susan Reverby chooses to rest her discussion on nursing upon the evolution of nursing with respect to the role and perception of women in the field of nursing, Tom Craig Olson and Eileen Walsh choose to rest their discussion on not only the events and incidents that served an integral purpose in the dictation of the history of nursing but also address how research on nursing during the years of 1892 and 1937 contributed to the development of the nursing profession and the evolution of its perception in society. A major work on Nebraska nursing education, for instance, concludes that little direct evidence exists about early training programs because, in general, programs did not keep records. In place of such evidence, the study is typical of other in its dependence on accreditation material from the state board of nursing, along with legislative documents, to infer what apprenticeship in nursing was like† (Olson & Walsh, 2004, p. 4). Tom Craig Olson and Eileen Walsh are of the opinion that the degree to which professionalism has dominated nursing and the degree to which historians have chosen to give reverence to professionalism in their portrayal of nursing history play highly significant roles in the history of nursing. It is also evident that the authors have chosen to present nursing as a field which is influenced significantly as a result of new developments. These new developments may not necessarily have to be associated with the constituent elements of nursing but can also be found to exist in the form of the development of the perception of nursing in society. It can therefore be surmised that while Ordered to care: the dilemma of American nursing, 1850-1945 by Susan Reverby is a highly credible and informative book, the author appears to have given a high degree of regard to the role of women in the evolution of American nursing. On the other hand, Handling the sick: the women of St. Luke’s and the nature of nursing, 1892-1937 by Tom Craig Olson and Eileen Walsh appears to provide a more broader picture towards nursing and its evolution by discussing not only the contribution of pioneering figures and revolutionary events in nursing but by also providing an insight into the evolution of the nursing profession in general.

Present Complex Internal Business Information Essay

Present complex internal business information using three different methods appropriate to the user’s needs In this assignment I will present internal business information using three different types of communication methods which are appropriate to the user’s needs. The three types of methods I have chosen are written, on screen multimedia presentation and verbal presentations. I have chosen ASDA to do my research upon. ASDA is a global supermarket which sells groceries, electrical equipment, general domestic equipment, toys and clothing. It is now subsidiary of the American store Wal-Mart. Today they are the UK’s second-largest chain by market share. Written- written communication involves any type of interaction that makes us use the form of a written word. It is one of the main types of communication used. Written communication is used a lot in a business as written communication involves reports, letter, instruction, agreements, memos and policies. Written communication is the most appropriate when detailed instructions are required, when something needs to be documented, or when the person is too far away to easily speak with over the phone or in person. ASDA uses this type of communication to communicate without different people in the hierarchy system or to one of their customers. It is appropriate to the user’s needs because written communication is precise and explicit. It also allows the manager to get in contact with someone easily without hassle. On-screen multimedia presentation- on screen presentation means any sort of information that is presented on the screen. It can be written so the user can read it. It can be in the form of a video clip with sound and images aswell. This can be used by the board of directors and managers when showing key information about the business. It is appropriate to the user’s needs because it allows you to show information and has a variety in ways which you can do so. The data can be in any form. Verbal communication- verbal communication has more to do with listening then speaking as you are always dealing with an audience. Verbal communication is best when you need to discuss something in detail. There are two types of verbal communication. One is through an electrical device and the second is face-to-face. With verbal communication it allows quick response. Asda uses verbal communication because you can say precisely what you mean without any confusion. It allows passage of accurate information. Verbal information is used everywhere in ASDA.

A Reaction to the book Dibs In Search of Self

Virginia M. Axline as the author, narrator of the book, doctor-psychologist and being one of the pioneers in doing clinical cognitive technique using series of play therapy, successfully brought out the best of an emotionally crippled/mentally challenged Dibs. Way back in 1964, in which the book has published, neither the people nor the society do not understand and accept such Dibs condition and characterized it as a mental illness that family who has members like Dibs treat it as an embarrassing thing.Nowadays with modernized and advanced approach in research and studies, the society has evolved, and people now have a broader mind of thinking, perspective and acceptance. There are now some practices and scientific categories in which the case of Dibs can be classified as being a late-bloomer rather than autistic or mentally defective, which has normally evolved only after reaching a certain age.In that case, Axline was just lucky enough that she became the instrument of Dibs' comin g out from his own world as a new kid with lots of potentialities to give. Furthermore, it is understandable why Axline needed to hide the true identity of the kid and gave him the pseudonym Dibs, which in some ways, the whole story looks like a doubting half-truth narration. And this is because Dibs is only five years old, innocent and fragile when she happened to met him and played as his mentor/therapist.However, there are still some discrepancies in the story such as the truth behind Dibs' parents neglecting and estranged behavior over Dibs irregardless of his condition which has supposedly requires much more special love, care and attention from them especially that they both came from a wealthy and well-educated background. Another discrepancy that could be noted is Dibs' parent's sudden change towards him. The happiness of having a genius child urged them to treat their child positively, especially the mother, and it is normal. But is that so? Why all of a sudden?Isn't it iro nic? We all know that affluent people do not always bend down their own pride in the blink of an eye. Did they undergo some emotional therapy while Axline is taking charge of Dibs? Perhaps. But there are no stories in the novel about such thing. The book Dibs In Search of Self entails success over scientific method on unknown trials. It is Dibs who have the mental challenge issue and the main character of the book that is subjected to Axline's study of clinical cognitive technique via play therapy. But along the way, it is not only Dibs who surpassed the trial of fate.Rather, the book also imparts Axline's success of doing such play therapy approach. There are some topics and intrigues looped in the psychology circle during those times that Axline has just only created the success story of Dibs to make herself applauded and boost her name over her colleagues. But whether Dibs is just a fictional character of Axline, the lesson that the book has brought about will never be questioned . And this is the lesson that when someone believes in oneself and guide him to manifest his own potentials, positive results will always come out.

Human Biology Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Human Biology - Assignment Example It has been analyzed that the onset of the disease begins by the fourth decade of the life in an individual and by the sixth decade of life, 80 percent of the people will present with this pathology in any single joint of their body (Robbins et al 2005; Sharma et al 2007). Many changes occur in the human body with the increase of age. The reduction in the working and efficiency of the muscles, reduction in the force of the muscles as well as reduced capacity of movement production are age related muscular changes. Changes in the ligaments also take place with age which includes decreased strength as well as elasticity of the ligaments. The ligaments and the muscles serve the purpose of providing steadiness to the movements of joints. These changes alter the mechanical nature of the joints and hence are associated with osteoarthritis as they result in decreased capacity of the joint to adapt to weight and stress and hence damage to the cartilage of the joint occurs with strain. Furthe rmore, muscles also tend to reduce the shock from affecting the joints and hence reduced muscle functioning also leads to damaging the joint. These damages may be associated with the accumulation of inflammatory cells within the joint cartilage (Conn 2006; Forceia et al 2000). The cartilage of the joints is made up of collagen type II, proteogylcans and glycosaminoglycans. The cartilaginous tissue also consists of water. This structure of the cartilage assists in the free movements of joints and serves to distribute the weight in a proper manner. But with age, the functional and structural capacity of this tissue reduces. This leads to damage to the tissue with stress and again predisposes to osteoarthritis. With aging, the water content of the cartilage also increases and the supportive structures which include collagen and proteoglycan also tend to reduce. The damage to the joints results in the presence of inflammatory cells within the joint (Robbins et al 2005; Forciea et al 200 0) Osteoarthritis is a condition which presents with tenderness in the joints and difficulty in the movement of joints in the morning. It is believed that the process of the disease early but it presents with symptoms at a later age. The joints which are mainly affected are the knee, hip and the joints of the finger. The disease usually does not affect all the joints of the body but is limited to a few joints (Robbins et al 2005). Osteoporosis is a pathological disease of the bones of the skeleton. It results due to a reduction in the mass of the bone which makes the patient susceptible to fractures of the bones of the body. Ageing is considered to be a very important and primary cause of this disease. The fractures that result due to the decreased bone mass are associated with 1 million cases of fractures in the United States annually (Robbins et al 2005). Changes in the structure of the bone tend to occur with age. The density of the bone becomes reduced and changes with change. O n an annual basis, every normal individual loses 2 percent of their bone density. Thus the minerals of the bones tend to reduce with age making the bones weaker and more susceptible to fracture. This accounts for an osteoporotic change of the bone (National Institutes of Health 2004). Cellular changes occur in the bones as well with age. The bone forming cells which are referred to as the

Brainstorming for Research Proposal Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Brainstorming for Research Proposal - Essay Example The writers discuss the consequences of electronic publishing and recommends on how publishers, writers and readers can assess electronic materials. Three Views of the internet written by Ann Marie and Wendy Wicks is another book that I will put into consideration since it has articles about the use of internet in publishing Industry. In addition, I will combine books and an eBook: The misuse of information systems by John P D’Arcy and Encyclopedia of Internet technologies and applications by Mario marques respectively. Other relative important articles that I have found helpful in doing the research include: Impact of Technology in Publishing by Hanna Ronte; impact of internet in the newspaper industry by George Wilbert.; and Effects of Information Technology on the Publishing Industry by Otuoma Sanya. The above articles will provide information on impacts of internet technologies in different publishing sectors. The articles will also provide information on how the internet has benefited and advanced publishing. Many questions have emerged on the effects of internet publishing. I am actually confused and wondering how publishers and writers earn yet their work is downloaded free from the internet unless in some few cases like in Amazon where books are sold. I tend to think that the amount of money used by a reader in downloading the materials is shared among the internet administrators, publishers and writers. Many writers are earning a lot of money through posting their creative work. I wonder what the internet has done to publishing industries. Yes electronic publishing has made the process simple and flexible. Nevertheless, I wonder about what effect internet has resulted in publishing hand cover books. Companies producing raw materials for publishing company are operating on losses since the printing of books is getting lower every day. I wonder what

Eugenic Sterilization Law Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Eugenic Sterilization Law - Essay Example In 1924, Carrie Buck a teenager mother was accused in a court of law for bearing a child outside of wedlock and that her child would probably be socially inadequate. Ms. Buck, whose feeble-minded mother had been admitted in the state colony of epileptics and feeble-minded, was the first American to face eugenic sterilization law. Harry Laughlin’s authentication about Ms. Buck and her child and Eugenic Record Office testimony about her child’s disorder made the court rule in favor of the states. She appealed for a review of the case but the Supreme Court also ruled in favor of the state. Basing his argument on the fact that Ms. Buck was feeble-minded, chief justice Oliver W. Holmes ordered Superintendent Bell to go ahead and perform salpingectomy operation on Carrie Buck. He concluded that it was better for the entire world if unfit human breeds were wiped from the society instead of waiting for them, to bear offspring and execute them for crimes.Later, Paul Lombardo a h istorian at the University of Virginia found out that, apart from Miss Buck’s child turning out to be a very bright student at 7 years old, Buck had been raped. Following this, Eugenics Record Office was forced to close and with time eugenicists’ claims were disapproved by other scientists. This decision had also contributed to more than 65,000 inferiors being forcefully sterilized between 1927 and 1979. United States government has since then been holding annual anniversaries to apologize for the shameful Buck decision.

Understanding Luther Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Understanding Luther - Essay Example Understanding Luther Luther tried also to point that James considered the perfect law as a way to liberate men from bondages (James 1:25), However, Luther believed that Paul considered the law as the law of slavery, wrath, death and sin. In this ground, Luther was confident in his stand that James opposed Paul and the scriptures and whatever the apostles were able to accomplish by stimulating people to love. It is therefore evident that Luther was comparing both James and Paul’s epistle on the ground of faith and work. His stand was evident on Paul’s writing and he used this as his basis to consider James’ stand between faith and work as completely contradictory. Paul’s teaching about works and faith in Galatians Paul’s teachings about works and faith in Galatians are evident. His very example was the faith of Abraham which was considered righteousness before God. He would offer his son, by believing in God and that certain faith moved the hands of God on him. In this e xample, Paul pointed out that Abraham had faith and because of that, he would be willing to offer his son, as God commanded him. Paul depicted that real faith certainly would result to action that would justify it, just like what Abraham did. In the same way, Paul pointed out that it is only by faith we are justified in Christ. ... it is an act considered by Paul which results to having its fruit such as love, joy, peace, patience, kindness, goodness, faithfulness, gentleness, and self-control (Galatians 5:22). Therefore, Paul was clear about its message that having faith in Jesus is about living in righteousness guided by the Spirit. Thus, there is an act involved in here to be initiated by man, combining the real essence and power of both faith and work. James’ teaching about works and faith in James James was also bold and clear about his stand on faith and works. ‘You foolish man, do you want evidence that faith without deeds is useless (dead)?’ (James 2:20). James wanted to emphasize that faith is made complete by what the person does (James 2:22). Abraham was made righteous and was remarkably remembered of his faith because of his ability to obey God to the fullest even if it would mean the life of his dear son. James just wanted to emphasize that a genuine faith would result to doing great things, no matter how hard they might be for as long as it is pleasing before God and in accordance to His will. Evaluating Luther Luther was exactly missing the real point of what righteousness is all about. He did not consider the fact that faith and works are interrelated which was elaborately shown by the epistles of Paul and James. However, compared to Paul, James was very bold in saying that genuine faith results to works that are acceptable and pleasing to God. Luther had a point believing that works cannot justify a person before God. It is absolutely true because the scripture is clear about it. ‘For it is by grace you have been saved, through faith – and this is not from yourselves, it is the gift of God – not by works, so that no one can boast (Ephesians 2:8-9). However, Luther is

Leadership and management Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words - 1

Leadership and management - Essay Example On the other hand, leadership focuses on the most important resource, which is people. Therefore, it remains as the process of not only developing but also communicating a vision for the future (Armstrong, 2012). The role of the leader is to design various responsibilities which engage an individual values and competence. Responsibilities are perceived to be motivating when they remain meaningful despite stretching them. Leaders use responsibilities to engage intrinsic motivations by for example creating something new, exercising individuals’ abilities, assisting others, and offering value to the clients (Armstrong, 2012). A good example to illustrate the difference between a leader and a manager is using the case of GE/Durham plant. The plant is responsible for assembling Boeing 777 engine. It has about 170 employees with just one manager. Consequently, within the plant, there are nine teams, each with one leader. The team decides among themselves who performs which work, they schedule training, overtime, and vacation. They also tackle productivity or lack of ethics among the team members. Hence, all of them are leaders. Even though, there are no direct incentives, what motivates the technicians is the desire for perfection and the pride of producing the best engines in the aviation industry. In this case, the work of the manager is to listen and inform the teams (Armstrong, 2012). From the example, it is evident that leadership is purely based on influence as well as shared meaning. It is also an informal role regarded as an achieved position. Part of every team member responsibility requires indepe ndent thinking and initiative. The responsibility of a leader is to decide on the direction of the team. Therefore, a leader is responsible for setting the ultimate objectives, goals, and aim for the team. The leaders will then not only inspire but also motivate the team so that they

Agencys Law and Ethics of Hiring a Diverse Workforce Essay

Agencys Law and Ethics of Hiring a Diverse Workforce - Essay Example the federal government] be made free from any discrimination based on race, color, religion, sex, or national origin.† Section 717 also obligates, in part, every department and agency to â€Å"maintain an affirmative program of equal employment opportunity for all such employees† (Worth v. Jackson). The Equal Employment Opportunity Commission (EEOC) evaluated the HUD’s â€Å"affirmative employment plan† and found that it intentionally discriminate against sex and race in violation of the equal protection guarantee. The case that was filed against HUD was for a permanent injunction of the agency’s â€Å"affirmative employment plan† (AEP) and the discriminatory practices contained in it (Center for Individual Rights, nd). This also violates the new discrimination criteria of EEO that states â€Å"maintain recruitment, hiring, job assignment, and other work policies that have â€Å"an adverse impact on minorities and women and are not justified by business necessity† (EEOC, nd) The issuance of â€Å"Guidance on LGBT Housing Discrimination Complaints expanded the coverage of the nondiscriminatory clause in the Fair Housing Act to include not only discrimination in race, color, national origin but also gender orientation such as those LGBT. This has affected not only the external customers of Department of Housing and Urban Development but also included its personnel management practice. This translates to the hiring and general personnel management practices of the organization. In a guidance issued by the U.S. Department of Housing and Urban Development (HUD) it announced that it would expand the coverage of non-discrimination to the lesbian, gay, bisexual and transgender (LGBT) individuals and families consistent with the Fair Housing Act. Addressing the issue of Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual and transgender ensures that the workplace has a diversified pool of talent where the basis of selection and recruitment is dependent on the skills and competence of an individual

International Financial Management - Currencies and Costs Essay

International Financial Management - Currencies and Costs - Essay Example That is, the probability of issuing foreign debt is highly correlated with the degree of foreign operations. Their results are consistent with those of Kedia and Mozumdar (2003), who conclude that firms have to satisfy a demand to hedge via foreign debt. Kedia and Mozumdar (2003), also conclude that the correlation between foreign operations and the probability of issuing foreign debt is consistent with both the role of foreign debt as a hedging instrument and the existence of information barriers. The integration of capital markets implies that financial assets traded in different markets should possess the same risk/return characteristics. Kedia and Mozumdar (2003) however note that the segmentation of capital markets and barriers to international investment could result in opportunities for choosing the currency of debt to minimize funding costs (interest rates). Kedia and Mozumdar (2003) identify two sources of segmentation including legal barriers and Informational sources. According to them legal barriers which constitute a broad variety of restrictions such as differences in tax treatment for foreign and domestic investments, capital controls, security law, and ownership restrictions could give rise to opportunities for multinational companies to reduce their funding rates. It is also evident in the study by Kedia and Mozumdar (2003) that foreign investors face high costs of gathering information about capital markets in different countries and as such domestic companies take advantage of this information asymmetry to issue debt at a low cost than they would have issued to domestic investors. According to Keloharju and Niskanen (2001), issuing in the Euromarket may be more economical since it helps to mitigate withholding taxes and capital controls. They further illustrate that borrowing cost in two currencies can be reduced by borrowing the weaker currency and that tax laws in Finland encourage companies to borrow the foreign currency. Allayannis et al (2003: pp 2669) in their study of the capital structure and financial risk of East Asian Firms with particular emphasis on foreign-currency debt use, provide evidence that differences in home country interest rates and foreign interest rates such as the London Interbank Offered Rate (LIBOR), are important determinants for both home country and foreign debt use. The study finds that the higher (lower) the difference in interest rates, the

Foreign Policy Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Foreign Policy - Essay Example This will involve taking out military plans. However, it may take time to create enactment areas and rescue teams before U.S. personnel are placed in the country. The success of the military is hence going to be boosted by the presence of CIA intelligent that will have carried covert investigation within the rebel insurgent territories. It will be imperative that your lead the administration in approving several intelligent orders and increase funding for human intelligence sources so that the CIA can carry out underground operations against the insurgent operations (Taft 40-40). This will provide important intelligence about the insurgent rebels and their base in Atropia. The army will put numerous Special Forces units on the ground that will help in combating the enemy. The people of Atropia will assist the army since they are well aware of the territory, and because they have scores to settle with the rebels. But if this will prove to be quite ineffectual, important numbers of Uni ted States troops will be put on the ground. This will be done so with a view to Americanizing the soil war (Taft 70-80). After emergency planning with your advisors, calling in airstrikes when the battle is engaged will be another action. The rebel insurgent territory will receive heavy and accurate shelling using the most refined guided mechanisms in the world. With all these sophisticated battle technology, it will be particularly easy to rid Atropia of the rebel insurgents. Therefore, you will be required to pattern your cabinet into an effectual consultative instrument for the conduct of the war and demonstrate your leadership style. Furthermore, it will require you to be extremely decisive as well as pragmatic by all standards. The interagency process will involve... Foreign Policy After the 9/11 attacks persuaded American of the astuteness of these arguments. The United States can in no way again afford to let down its guard. It is the duty of the American government to take care of the welfare of all its citizens across the globe. But of late, the rebel insurgent SUPA of Atropa has beset the formal government, with the support of the support of neighboring country. According to intelligent report, the rebel insurgents plan to attack the American Embassy and the headquarters of the American cooperation. This is a crucial matter that needs to be treated with strong seriousness that it deserves (Walt 30-50). As the United States Nation Security advisor, I enjoy substantial independent over the national security bureaucracy. The National Security Act rightly so grants me the power to principally assist you as the President of United States if America in all matters pertaining to the national security. Yet still, for this mission to be wholly successful, it will r equire a top notch voluntary collaboration among the powerful agencies responsible for foreign and defense. However, you will only be compelled to use military action as opposed to declaring a state of war. The military action will ensure that there is peace and stability by working closely with the formal government of Atropia with a view to defeating the rebel insurgents. Conversely, there is a unanimous knowing that the decision to evade Atropia will eventually attract a string of criticism.

Health and Behavioral Consequences of Binge Drinking in College Essay Example for Free

Health and Behavioral Consequences of Binge Drinking in College Essay Objective — To examine the extent of binge drinking by college students and the ensuing health and behavioral problems that binge drinkers create for themselves and others on their campus. Design — Self-administered survey mailed to a national representative sample of US 4-year college students. Setting — One hundred forty US 4-year colleges in 1993. Participants — A total of 17,592 college students. Main Outcome Measures — Self-reports of drinking behaviour, alcohol-related health problems, and other problems. Results — Almost half (44%) of college students responding to the survey were binge drinkers, including almost one fifth (19%) of the studenst who were frequent binge drinkers. Frequent binge drinkers are more likely to experience seious health and other consequences of their drinking behaviour than other students. Almost half (47%) of the frequent binge drinkers experienced five or more different drinking related problems, including injuries and engaging in unplanned sex, since the beginning of the school year. Most binge drinkers do not consider themselves to be problem drinkers and have not sought treatment for an alcohol problem. Binge drinkers create problems for classmates who are not binge drinkers. Students who are not binge drinkers at schools with higher binge rates were more liekly than students at schools with lower binge rates to experience problems such as being pushed, hit, or assualted or experiencing an unwanted sexual advance. Conclusions — Binge drinking is widespread on college campuses. Programs aimed at reducing this problem should focus on frequent binge drinkers, refer them to treatment or educational programs, and emphasize the harm they cause for students who are not binge drinkers

Impact of Branding on Consumer Purchasing Decision

Impact of Branding on Consumer Purchasing Decision An Empirical Study in the Technological product sector More and more organizations have come to realize that brand is the most valuable asset associated with their products or services and are using branding as a strategic tool in todays dynamic business environment (Chernatony and MacDonald, 1998; Rooney, 1995). Some extremely successful examples in brand management include Microsoft, IBM, Sony, Nike and Coca-Cola (BusinessWeek, 2002[1]). Their brands resonate with the general public and affect the consumers buying decision-making. The power of the brands has contributed substantially to the continuing success in the future (Davis, 2002). Brand acts as a strategic marketing tool to attract and keep customers by promoting value, image, prestige or lifestyle (Rooney, 1995). Furthermore, it is a powerful technique to develop a stable, sustainable and distinct relation with customers by playing number of associations, so marketers must account for all of them in making marketing decisions (Aaker, 1992). Hence this study will try to find out the impact of branding on consumer purchase decision, specifically in the technological product market. The main aim of this project is to find out the impact, branding has on the consumer purchase decision in general and especially in the technological product sector. The focus of this study will be on the consumer’s viewpoint about brands and how it affects their purchasing decisions. Hence the objectives of the study will be to: Review the current literature regarding brands, branding and consumer purchase decision Based on the literature review and secondary data identify branding factors that supposedly impact the consumer purchase decision Find out consumers perception regarding the impact of brands on their purchasing decisions specifically in the technological product sector To bring out the implications of the research Research Methodology: An appropriate research methodology is a general plan of how the researcher will go about answering the research questions considering the sources to collect data and the constraints that one might have (access to data, time, location and money, etc). It should reflect the fact that the researcher has thought carefully about why a particular strategy/method has been employed. Data intended for almost any study can be obtained from two sources: Primary Data and Secondary Data. In order to complete the research project from a theoretical as well as a practical point of view, this research will make use of both types of data. This study will be carried in three phases. The first phase will involve literature review and secondary data collection. Primary data will be collected in the second phase. The last phase will comprise of analysing the primary data and drawing suitable conclusions from the study. Phase 1: The first phase of the research will comprise of reviewing the literature and collecting secondary data. This will involve an investigation of brands and different types of branding options that are availed by manufacturers. Further to this the consumer decision process will also be reviewed to find the factors that affect the consumer’s decision making process in general. According to Sharp and Howard (1996), two major reasons exist for reviewing the literature. First, the preliminary search helps to generate and refine the research ideas. And secondly, a critical review is a part of the research process. Like most research projects, literature review will be an early activity in this research. After the initial literature search, the researcher will be able to redefine the parameters more precisely and undertake further searches, keeping in mind the research objective and goal. The literature review will help in developing a good understanding and insight into the p revious research done on this topic and the trends that have emerged. Secondary data sources Secondary data will be collected from a varied number of sources. Books published books generally considered as one of the most reliable and valid source of information will be used for the basic content of the literature review. Electronic sources – will provide a large amount of information relevant to the subject Magazines a good source of getting data and report of recent and relevant articles Newspapers latest updates on brands and other information Advantages of using secondary data Saves cost and time Wide variety of information available Availability of vast amount of information Disadvantages of using secondary data are Most of the magazines or journals require Subscription, which is not feasible when lots of journals and materials have to be analysed. Shortage of time limits the scope of the research to a great extent. Most of the articles, research papers, and survey results found on various web sites or lacks the proof of the accuracy of their results. Phase 2: In phase 2 primary data will be collected which refers to the data obtained via the researcher’s direct experience. The need for employing more than one method of research stems from the fact that various methods contain their own set of assumptions of the nature of the real world and the kind of data produced (Denscombe, 1998). The author has selected survey strategy for the purpose of collecting primary data. It is a common and popular strategy in business and management research. Through this a large amount of data can be collected in an economical way. Bell (1993) says that surveys can provide answers to questions like What, Where, When, And How. It tries to elaborate the problems of ‘representativeness’ from other approaches like case studies or most of the qualitative approaches. This approach can be termed as fact finding mission and may contribute little towards the development of a hypotheses or shaping theory. The results from the survey can def initely be used to test a hypotheses or theory. The data here is primarily quantitative but may also be qualitative in nature as it represents peoples view about an issue. Questionnaires are generally used for the purpose of data collection followed by few interviews to increase the validity of the data. Using multi-methods produces various kinds of data on the same topic improving the quality of research. Hence, this research will make use of more than one research method (questionnaire and interview) to enable the researcher to present the topic in a more complete fashion from different perspectives. Hence the primary data collection methods used for this research will be- Questionnaires Interviews Questionnaires provide the easiest known way of assembling a mass of information (Burroughs, 1971:106). The author decided to use online questionnaires for the purpose of the study. Online questionnaires are very economical, the costs faced were nearly negligible, since once the form was loaded on the server, and all entries came in the form of e-mail. They are easier to administer and manage and supply standardised answers from all recipients. But a lot of care will be taken in order to construct questionnaires to maximise response rate. Due to its length or complexity in the questionnaire, it may yield a response rate so low that the data may not be adequate to make any kind of generalisation or even a reliable statement. Keeping this in mind, for the purpose of this research, due care will be taken to avoid hypothetical questions, dual meaning questions, presuming questions and any form of ambiguity or imprecision in questions. Also, an attempt will be made to keep the length of the questionnaire very precise, with to the point questions consisting mainly of multiple-choice questions enabling the reader to be comfortable to fill the questionnaire without much loss of time, thereby increasing the questionnaires response rate as well as making data analysis simple. The author also decided to include another method in the form of interviews as part of the research due to the need for more detailed qualitative information. Through the use of questionnaires the research will only able to gather quantitative data, which in itself will be quite useful for the project in order to gain a general view and knowledge about the impact of branding on consumers in general. However, in order to gain better depth in the analysis, the questionnaire data will also be supplemented by few follow up interviews. As an information gathering tool, the interview lends itself to being used alongside other methods as a way of supplementing their data adding detail and depth. (Denscombe, 1998; pi 12) As part of this research project, interviews will be used as a follow-up to the questionnaire. The attempt is to complement the questionnaire data with the interview data, pursuing the interesting lines of enquiry in greater detail. Simply stated, it can yield rich material or put flesh on the bones of the questionnaire (Bell, 1987). Sampling Process In order to collect appropriate information on the views of the consumers on impact of branding on their purchasing decisions, a very large portion of the general population would be an eligible target, but due to various practical problems of time and cost involved in such a process, a restricted sample of the population was considered for this research. The sample population involved in this project was carried out on a small scale due to the time and resources available. The survey polled a population of primarily Internet users including professionals as well as students situated in various parts of UK in order to get their perspective on the effect branding has on their buying behavior. Approximately, 200 emails will be sent. The population of respondents comprised of general Internet users ranging from computer professionals to lecturers to university students. By the means of this survey, we are investigating the general considerations of the users towards brands while purchasing a technological product. Objective Timeframe Task[2] 1. Phase 1 : Literature Survey/Secondary data Client should put the time frame according to his/her requirements Phase 1 will involve an investigation of brands and different types of branding options that are availed by manufacturers. Further to this the consumer decision process will also be reviewed to find the factors that affect the decision making process. The first stage of the research will comprise of reviewing the literature and collecting secondary data. 2. Phase 2 : Interviews/Surveys Client should put the time frame according to his requirements Phase 2 will involve the primary data collection phase in which the online questionnaire will be used to collect consumer opinion regarding brand implication on their purchasing decisions. 3. Phase 3: Analysis of data from Interviews/surveys and drawing conclusions Client should put the time frame according to his requirements After taking the interviews and surveys, a large quantity of interview notes, questionnaire results and other records will be generated all of which will be analyzed. The survey data will be analysed using the SPSS software. A brief thematic analysis will be done for the data collected from the interviews. Following this, conclusions will be drawn based on the findings. References Aaker, A. D. (1992), The Value of Brand Equity. Journal of Business Strategy, Vol.13 (4), p.p.27-32. Bell, J. (1987). Doing your Research Project. Oxford: Oxford University Press. Bell, J. (1993) Doing your research project: a guide for first-time researchers in education and social science, Open University press Burroughs, G.E.R. (1971). Design and Analysis in Educational Research, Oxford: Educational Review. Davis, S. (2002), Brand Asset Management: how businesses can profit from the power of brand, Journal of Consumer Marketing, Vol. 19, No. 4, p.p.351 -358. de Chernatony, L. McDonald, M. (1998), Creating Powerful Brands in Consumer, service and Industrial Markets, 2nd Edition, UK: Reed Eductional and Professional Publishing Ltd. Denscombe, M. (1998). The Good Research Guide. Buckingham: Open University Press Hussey, J. and Hussey, R. (1997), Business Research: A Practical Guide for Undergraduate and Postgraduate Students, Macmillan Press, London. Research, http://www.allbusiness.com/articles/content/19671.asp Rooney, J. A. (1995), Branding: a trend for today and tomorrow, Journal of Product and Brand Management, Vol. 4, No. 4, p.p.48 55. Schutz (1972). The Phenomenology of the Social World (London: Heinemann). Sharp, J.A. and Howard, K. (1996) The Management of a Student Research Project. Aldershot, Gower. 1 [1] http://bwnt.businessweek.com/brand/2002/index.asp [2] The tasks will be further divided into sub tasks to give a detailed insight of the plan as it develops.

Online Sales Tax Policy

Online Sales Tax Policy Intro As the past several years majority of the retail item purchase are transitioning to the internet, which cause more fiscal distress for the states because they weren’t able to collect taxes for sales generated online from outer states that are not physically presence in the state. The Amazon laws often reference by the attempt by the states to capture taxes on internet sales are being wildly adapted to capture the uncollected revenue for the states. The Market Place Fairness Act (Amazon Tax) arise recently to authorize states to impose internet sales tax if the states are member of the SSUTA. However major states like California and Illinois s are still resisting these Amazon laws to be implemented. So far only 20 states collect sales tax from internet retailers. This is a problem because these Amazon laws has been proven to decrease employment in the online retail market, decrease business investment and create future monopolistic problem. Last year Amazon spends 1.8 million d ollars hiring seven law firms to lobby Washington, hiring 9 lobbyist from each firm to fight this issue in the congress. In addition to these lobbyist also recruited two senate majority leader Trend Lott R-Miss and former Sen John Breaux, D –LA. Amazon is among at least 135 companies and group that have lobbied for sales tax bill this year. Their interest is to abolish these sales tax law so these online retail companies can gain competitive advantage against local retail stores and increase their company’s revenue. The key opposition actors are the Department of Revenue from each opposing state and certain congressman who wanted to collected these sales tax which estimated to be more than 10 billion each year and will continue to grow in the next 5 years. The major disagreement is about the definition companies’ physical presence in the state and if tax is necessary from conducting sales from outside state. The major agreement is that there needs to be quick an d firm action to set up these policies because the numbers of online retail stores are growing and the policy needs to be in place to prevent confusion in the future. Well established corporation giant like Amazon and other Big online retail stores are most likely to influence the decision in the policy making process because due to their size, employment effort and political lobbying effort, their interest is most likely going to be recognized. Journals The first journal that we are going to examine is the evidence of how online sales taxes influences buyers’ behavior using the data source of 25000 people, the results shows that taxation plays an important role in online commerce. Especially for people living in places with higher taxes, those shoppers are much more likely to buy things over the internet. The results shows that there is a reason why there is such a different level of technological sophistication and shopping behavior with different locations. With this study, existing sales tax to internet will reduce the number of online buyers by as much as 24 percent. In total the results of this study shoes that taxes and prices difference is the main factor of purchase decision, and important role for individual floating money to other systems and people migrating to other states or even other countries, thus creating a world without borders. The second research journal is from Stanford also examine the sensitivity report of Internet retail market. The first results in this paper shows a â€Å"tax surprises†. The study found that interested buyer falls roughly two percent for every one percent point increase in sales tax. The sensitivity changes depend on the type of item there is . The second report uses sales tax at the state level. Where one percent point increase in states sales tax will lead to 3-6 percent decrease in line purchase form home state sellers. Analysis The Market Place Fairness Act is the currently status quo. Where it grants states authority of collect online and catalog retailers, no matter which state they are located, to collect sales tax at the time of the transaction. It is the exact same process that local retailers are required to do. However there is a catch that the States must simplify their sales tax laws to make those tax collection. The State has an option to join the twenty four states that have adopted the Stream Sales and Use Tax Agreement. Or another option would be that the state establish a uniform sales tax base throughout the state and determine sales tax rate of out of state. The reason why this Act was implemented because retail has drastically changed from forty six years ago. Majority of the online sales are shipped from tax exempt state and therefore allowed to be tax free. In order to fix this issue of a tax â€Å"loophole† and also, increase tax revenue, the act was set up in place. The majority stakeholder of this policy is the Department of Revenue from each state. Where due to increase cost and increase in unemployment the states are unable to find new revenue source to collect from. By implementing this policy the State is able to collect 300 plus million dollars each year. On a national level, the total tax revenue from this bill will come out to 23 billion. Another major stakeholder of this policy is the National Retail Federation. Which is made up by large retail businesses such as Walmart, Target and BestBuy, Where the company operates with physical presence in the State. The National Retail Association argued that without an online sales tax it will create and unfair competitive advantage for the online retail business and causing lost revenue from its store. Traditional brick and mortar businesses view this as a tax loophole The second policy is no online sales tax for companies who do not have a physical presence in the states. There are several reason why people favor this policy. First online sales tax is deem unconstitutional and serves as an discrimination against online businesses. According to Illinois Supreme court â€Å"Justice Anne Burke, writing for the courts majority, questioned whether there was any substantial difference between out-of-state businesses reaching Illinois consumers through a click-through-nexus approach or through other approaches that arent taxed.† The click-through link makes it easier for the customer to reach the out-of-state retailer, Burke wrote. But the link is not different in kind from advertising using promotional codes that appear, for example, in Illinois newspapers or Illinois radio broadcasts. The second reason why people oppose having online sales tax is because, the Market Fairness Act forces business to collect taxes on their own expense. Small business are already suffering low profit margin in online market, if the States requires online business to collect taxes it will drastically make the tax collection process difficult. The main stakeholder for this policy is the Internet Association Group. The group is made up by internet companies like Amazon, Facebook and Ebay, where they are conduct business online rather than having a physical retail store. The third Policy is a modify policy for the Market Place Fairness Act. Where the States only collect online sales taxes with company that is generating more than 1 million revenue per year. The design of this policy is specifically made for small business. Because collecting sales tax clearly hurts sales. The government wants to exempt small businesses from having to collect any online taxes, therefore making the crowded online retail market place more competitive friendly. The major stake holder for this policy is the small online business, where they are generating small margins of profit from their online sales. This tax exempt will help small business to take off in a competitive business world and exempt from the tedious work of tax collection for the state. From this chart we can clearly point out the motivation behind Amazon Tax, the Department of Revenue is clearly losing 23 billion dollars every year for online sales tax that are not collected. The policy that I’m prescribing is policy number 2. Where this policy only require companies to pay taxes with physical presence in the state. Because I deem policy 1 and policy 3 unconstitutional and it’s a devastation to our economic well-being. Political Reason On October 19th 2013 the Illinois Supreme Court found the Market Place Fairness Act unconstitutional. It is unconstitutional because the court â€Å"find that there aren’t any substantial difference between out of state businesses reaching Illinois consumers through click through nexus approach or through other approaches that aren’t taxed. The coupon, discount and other advertisement link is no different from for example, Illinois newspaper or radio broadcasts.†. Under the Internet Freedom Tax Act States are prohibit to impose discriminatory internet only taxes on E commerce. So this policy should not even be raised up because it is unconstitutional in the first place. Furthermore, Amazon and other online retail companies do sales taxes on states that they have physical presence, therefore making the argument of â€Å"Amazon pays no sales tax† Invalid. The Trillion Dollar Reason Let’s examine the economic impact of this policy. Every year Amazon and other online retail companies invest billions of dollars into its supply chain management systems and information management systems. This costly investment is what makes online shopping more efficient, less costly than any other method in the retail world. If local government propose a sales tax on online sales, not only it decreases online sales, it also provides no incentives for small businesses to compete with physical retail stores because small businesses have no price/ logistical advantages compare to the physical retail store. Decrease in sales and fewer small businesses will lead to less investment into building warehouses, data centers, and transportation system and website development. Which will be the next trillion dollar industry. As a side note, because Amazon pays no sales tax. Traditional brick and mortar stores are force to increase its presence online, decrease cost of its product, decrease inefficient warehouses, hire more website/data/cloud developers and improve its delivery system. The benefit not only transition to the customers (reduce purchase cost) it also provides more job opportunities for people by introducing business competition. Employment When the State of Illinois tries to pass the Illinois Affiliates Law which required out of state online company to collect taxes on its affiliates. 1000 online retailers threatened to terminate their business relationship with the state. 9000 small business were lost. This example shows us that when a state tries to impose an internet sales tax, companies will terminate their relationship with the local affiliates. Not only this will cause less income for the people, it will stagnate employment in the future. The similar approach to terminating its affiliates will be found more if states continue to impose sales taxes on internet retail companies. Long term vs Short term Short term Step 1. To fix this issue first we need to repeal every Amazon Tax that is being implemented in states that collect Amazon Tax. Using Illinois Supreme Court’s findings and conclusion, I suspect that other states court will soon find this tax is unconstitutional and discriminating towards the online retail companies. By rejecting this tax, customers can enjoy no sales tax from online companies that do not have a physical presence in their state. Step 2. To further fix this issue in the short term, we need to fix issues mainly in the Department of Revenue. Right now due to the rising cost of welfare, Medicare and other cost, Department of Revenue is running out of budget on hand. To tackle this problem in the short term, there are several other polices that decrease spending in some area that are not efficient in the federal system. By convincing legislators that businesses are the future source of revenue for the government, our legislator can look elsewhere to decrease spending or transfer spending to other department. Long term To see the implication of my policy to work and to solve the root cause of the problem in the long term, we need to tackle the traditional brick and mortar businesses. By introducing competition from online retail stores, the brick and mortar businesses will have to increase its presence online and invest in online retail business. Walmart actually sees an increase in profit online since it starts to increase its presence online. Walmart is also adopting its inventory, transportation, online retail strategy from Amazon. In the long term, Walmart and other brick and mortar businesses will be able to price match with Amazon and also offer low cost goods and great online services to its customers. When we see traditional brick and mortar business adopt an online retail model, the issues of sales tax will not be surface. Sales Tax The root cause of the problem is actually the existence of sales tax. To fully see this problem go away, we need to examine the real purpose of sales tax in the long term. Should sales tax be implemented? Do states perform better without sales tax? Do sales tax hurt traditional brick and mortar business as well? Is Department of Revenue the sole winner of implementing sales tax? These are the issues that needs to be address in front of the legislator in order to abolish sales tax. By abolishing sales tax, the question of online tax will not be an issue anymore. Journals Alm, James, and Mikhail I. Melnik. 2005. â€Å"Sales Taxes and the Decision to Purchase Online.† Public Finance Review 33 (2): 184–212. Alm, James, and Mikhail I. Melnik. 2005. â€Å"Sales Taxes and the Decision to Purchase Online.† Public Finance Review 33 (2): 184–212. Mikesell, John, 1970. â€Å"Central Cities and Sales Tax Rate Differentials: The Border City Problem.† National Tax Journal 23 (2), 206–214. Mikesell, John, 1971. â€Å"Sales Taxation and the Border County Problem.† Quarterly Review of Economics and Business 11 (1), 23–29. Rohlin, Shawn, Stuart Rosenthal, and Amanda Ross, 2012. â€Å"Tax Avoidance and Business Location in a State Border Model.† Unpublished manuscript. Maxwell School, Syracuse University, Syracuse, NY. Articles Studies Agree: A Sales Tax Increase Kills Jobs Watchdog.org.Watchdogorg RSS. Web. 4 Dec. 2014. http://watchdog.org/36650/ks-studies-agree-a-sales-tax-increase-kills-jobs/>.

Dialect and Dramatic Monologue of Curtain of Green :: Curtain of Green Essays

Dialect and Dramatic Monologue of Curtain of Green Eudora Welty is not merely a brilliant writer, she is a brilliant and gifted storyteller. A product of the South's rich oral tradition, Welty considers the richness of local speech to be one of the greatest gifts that her heritage has to offer (Vande Kieft 9). Southern speech is characterized by talking, listening, and remembering. Welty, a great listener, based many of her stories on bits of dialogue overheard in her everyday life. However, Welty makes the most of the southern propensity for talking. Her stories are rich in dialect and often take the form of dramatic monologues, as in "Why I live at the P.O." and "The Petrified Man." Southern speech is primarily narrative and frequently takes the form of tall tales, folk tales, and local legends. This holds true in Welty's writing, in which one will not find mere conversation, but the telling of a story. Often with Welty, the story is not told through the narrator, but rather by the characters (53). It is through this structure that the dramatic monologue appears. In Welty's "Why I Live at the P.O.," the postmistress of China Grove, referred to only as "Sister," is systematically alienated from her family following a fight with her sister, Stella-Rondo, whom she accuses of stealing and running off with her boyfriend, Mr. Whitaker. As the two sisters compete for the support of the family, one by one the family members take up sides with Stella-Rondo, and Sister states her case to the reader. "Stella-Rondo hadn't done a thing but turn her against me from upstairs while I stood there helpless over the hot stove," rants Sister. "So that made Mama, Papa-Daddy, and the baby all on Stella-Rondo's side (Welty 102). Welty, a true master of language, never received any form of formal education in the field of writing. She was educated through her surroundings, through listening and remembering. Welty's use of the Southern vernacular is an important element in every story she writes. One also might notice that it is nearly impossible to read one of Eudora Welty's stories without hearing it as well. Welty's written Southern speech is highly characteristic of how the language is actually spoken. It is the qualities of the spoken word that show through in Welty's writing and give it its poetic richness. Although Welty makes frequent use of dialectical spelling and pronunciation, it is through rhythm, idioms, and specified vocabulary that she is able to bring southern speech alive (Brooks 416).

Racial Profiling by Police in Canada Essay -- systematic discrimination

Systemic discrimination has been a part of Canada’s past. Women, racial and ethnic minorities as well as First Nations people have all faced discrimination in Canada. Policies such as, Charter of Rights and Freedoms, provincial and federal Human Rights Codes, as well has various employment equity programs have been placed in Canada’s constitution to fight and address discrimination issues. Despite these key documents placed for universal rights and freedoms Aboriginal and other minority populations in Canada continue to be discriminated against. Many believe there is no discrimination in Canada, and suggest any lack of success of these groups is a result of personal decisions and not systemic discrimination. While others feel that the legislation and equality policies have yet resulted in an equal society for all minorities. Racism is immersed in Canadian society; this is clearly shown by stories of racial profiling in law enforcement. The key to understanding racialized profiling is to understand what systemic discrimination and profiling mean. Systemic discrimination sometimes called systemic racism is defined as, â€Å"Patterns and practices†¦ which, although they may not be intended to disadvantage any group, can have the effect of disadvantaging or permitting discrimination against†¦ racial minorities† (Comack, 2012, p30). Profiling in policing is defined as, â€Å"The inverse of law enforcement. In law enforcement, a crime is discovered and the police then look for a suspect who might possibly have committed it. Profiling means that a suspect is discovered and the police then look for a crime for the person to have possibly committed† (Tator & Henry, 2003, p3). The act of racial profiling is found in many different insti... ...sx> Comack, E. (2012). Racialized policing: Aboriginal people's encounters with the police. Black Point, Nova Scotia: Fernwood Publishing. Holbert, S., & Rose, L. (2006). It is difficult to establish whether racial profiling is occurring, In D. E. Nelson, Racial Profiling. Farmington Hills: Greenhaven Press. Hulbert, M. A. (2011). Pursuing justice: An introduction to justice studies. Black Point, Nova Scotia: Fernwood Publishing. Satzewich, V., & Shaffir, W. (2009). Racism versus professionalism: Claims and counter-claims about racial profiling. Project Muse, 51(2), p199-226. doi: 10.3138/cjccj.51.2.199 Tanovich, D. M. (2006). The colour of justice: Policing race in Canada. Toronto, Ontario: Irwin Law. Tator, H., & Henry, F. (2006). Racial profiling in Canada: Challenging the myth of 'a few bad apples'. Toronto, Ontario: University of Toronto Press Incorporated.

Movie Review: Fight Club Essay -- essays research papers

I Am Jack’s Paper The movie Fight Club shakes the foundations of our democratic nation, spits on our capitalist society, and makes all who watch it look at the American way of life differently. In a country driven by consumption, one can imagine the movie Fight Club rubs certain people the wrong way. When Edward Norton was asked why he decided to take the role as the main character in Fight Club, he replied, â€Å"to piss off America.† Each American since childhood has been told repeatedly that democracy equals freedom, but is this true? The only difference between capitalism and socialism is that corporations own everything in a capitalist society. In America â€Å"the things you own end up owning you.† Corporate America gives Americans a television in every home, a car in every driveway, and a Wal-Mart in every town. They call this freedom and freedom shall rain. This new breed of social democracy, an evolution of democracy where private enterprise controls Big Brother, is spreading through the world, infesting and exploiting every country and every government, from the sweatshops of Central America to the oilfields of Iraq; corporate America is slowly choking the world, one McDonalds at a time. Consumerism is the drive shaft of our generation, the fuel that pushes kids through college, and hope that one day we can have all the things seen in magazines and on TV. The dream of owning a house in the suburbs with a white picket fence and a SUV parked in the driveway. â€Å"Advertising h...

New Communication Structure Essay

Communication is important in every aspect of our lives. This is also true for the communication used in our professional lives. When at work we â€Å"depend on cooperation with others to accomplish our goals, and communication is the critical human process we use to promote such cooperation.† (Kreps, 2011; sec. 1.1) Understanding communication is the best way to make sure it is being used effectively correctly. When communication is effective then organizational components will run smoother and efficiently. Smoother and effective communication means that an organization has a greater chance of following its mission and achieving its goals. Successful communication can be as important to organizational productivity as any other component used. There are five concepts that are important for successful communication within an organizational setting and this proposal will discuss their necessity in an organization. Culture is something that needs to be recognized and aware of whe n we are communicating with everyone. It is also important in organizational communication. Organizational culture includes the norms and attitudes of the organization. To support clear and effective communication in an organization the employees must be pay close attention the organizational culture. The process of socialization will also help an employee to adapt to an organization’s culture. The process of socialization is where, â€Å"established members of cultural groups educate others and enforce adherence to established cultural rules or norms for appropriate behavior.† (Kreps, 2011; pg. 17) In understanding the norms in an organization communication will be smoother because there will be less chance for misunderstandings. An example of organizational culture would be the style of dress in the office. If an organization is one where the employees dress in suits and formal business wear then an employee who came to work in shorts and a t-shirt would affect  the culture in a negative way. Those communicating with those employees could become uncomforta ble, or distracted. This may result in avoiding communication with this employee and over all communication will breakdown. Avoidance of communication with only one employee is enough to cause a gap in efficiency. The book â€Å"Communications in Organizations† explains, â€Å"Strategic organizational communicators initiate and develop strong, effective, and satisfying relationships with others to promote cooperation and coordination in organizational life.† (Kreps, 2011; pg. 15) Understanding the organizational culture also builds trust and respect among employees which in turn brings higher production. Paying attention to organizational culture helps to build the relational communication to support effective communication. Part of an organization’s culture is the forms of communication used. Informal and formal communications are two types of communication that play an important role in an organization. The difference in both forms of communication can be explained as â€Å"Formal patterns of organizational communication follow the power hierarchy within organizations, whereas informal patterns of communication do not necessarily follow along power hierarchy lines† (Kreps, 2011; sec. 1.5) Formal communication is used to address important job related material. Paying close attention when receiving or using formal communication will stop an employee from making a mistake and will also give them the information to be successful. However, when filtering through formal communications such as emails it is important to avoid information overload. Information overload takes place when, â€Å"so many different messages are impinging on a person that the person has difficulty making sense of all the information available.† (Kreps, 2011; pg. 174) Scanning email for the most important and relative messages is a skill that is necessary but recognizing formal emails for their importance will ensure that the information involved will be received. In understanding the nuances of informal communication an employee can avoid getting themselves in trouble by offending a supervisor or missing important information. In regards to organizational communication conflict resolution can be the difference in success or failure when working with others to meet company goals. Conflict is inevitable, and happens when people communicate. It can come from assumptions, miscommunications, or one way communication. The good news is conflict can be turned into a positive thing. A quote in  the book, says An Introduction to Leadership, that, â€Å"The most important single ingredient in the formula of success is knowing how to get along with people.† (Weis, 2011, pg 2) Working through conflicts can build better communication skills, as well as trust and understanding. In using conflict resolution steps new and better ideas can be generated for the organizations. A gentleman named Mr. Tim Scudder wrote a book in which he describes five steps to conflict resolution. An interview he gave he made the point that in conflict â€Å"both parties want the same thing.† (Scudder, 2011) He also stressed the importance of anticipating conflict. By anticipating conflict an employee will take time to think, and in thinking they will realize that the person they may have a conflict with wants the same thing. This puts the employee in a positive frame of mind and helps to come to a reasonable solution for both involved. In the article â€Å"How to Deal with Annoying Co-Workers† gives a suggestion to help in dealing with co-workers. It suggests that, â€Å"With most types of annoying co-workers, the solution is simply to be straightforward and assertive.† (Green, 2011) Working through a conflict helps co-workers to come to a better understanding of each other. When people understand and respect each other communication is smoother and more effective. Once again, smoother and effective communication benefits the organization. Formal communication, informal communication, and conflict resolution involve two parties. Each of these communications involves a time where another party receives information. In face to face communication active listening is a technique that will ensure that messages are received correctly and will allow the listener to formulate the best response. Active Listening is not only an important part of conflict resolution but communication as a whole. Active listening means, â€Å"being fully engaged in paying attention to your relational partner’s communication with you. It is not just hearing skills. It involves paying close attention to your partner’s verbal and nonverbal behaviors.† (Kreps, 2011; sec. 4.3) In other words, it’s a way of showing respect for those you are communicating with. It sounds as simple as just listening but it’s not that simple. It takes a conscious effort to begin with before it becomes habit. If you are fully engaged in what your partner is communicating then you will get all of the information being sent. It may also evoke the norm of reciprocity which will have your partner giving you  their full attention. The norm of reciprocity is, â€Å"the urge to act in-kind that often encourages these relational partners to provide you with information and treat you similarly to the way you treat them.† (Kreps, 2011; pg. 15) The importance to an organization of its members practicing active listening is participants receive all the information that is coming to them. This means that they have all they would need to know to complete their jobs successfully and meet organizational goals. Organizations have both formal and informal leaders. Formal leaders typically are ‘assigned their positions of authority within the organizational hierarchy and hold titles such as president, vice president, division leader, and manager.† (Kreps, 2011; pg. 19) Informal leaders are little harder to define by position or tile but â€Å"emerge with organizational life based on credibility (usually a combination of charisma, dynamism, expertise, and trustworthiness), ability to accomplish complex tasks, and access to relevant information.† (Kreps, 2011; pg. 19) Even if you are not a formal leader you can still have influence over others as an informal leader. Informal leaders are not defined by title but by quality of character. Understanding leadership strategies and what being a leader entails helps to motivate workers to meet organizational goals. It is important for organizational leaders be able to communicate in different ways for different situations. There are several different leadership strategies that can be employed for different situations. To understand leadership strategies it’s important to think about how leaders may see those under them. Douglas McGregor used X and Y models of leadership to explain the relationship between leaders and followers. Theory X makes the assumption about workers they do not like work and will do anything to avoid it. This model will make leaders be more directed because they think that is what workers prefer and need. McGregor’s Theory Y assumes that workers do not dislike work and will work hard if they feel the value of their effort. The Theory Y suggests that if workers are given a degree of autonomy and a chance to use their imaginations they will strive to be successful in their tasks. Depending on how leaders see workers can dictate their leadership strategies. One of three helpful leadership styles is the autocratic leadership style. This is a leadership style that would come from a leader who is a believer in Theory X. An autocratic leader â€Å"makes most  organizational decisions without consulting with others. The leader calls all the shots, tells workers what to do and how to do it.† (Kreps, 2011; sec 7.6) This type of leadership style would have little use for upward communication from those who follow. Upward communication is, â€Å"communication that travels up the power hierarchy.† (Kreps, 2011; pg. 10) This would be difficult for a leader who believes in Theory X because, â€Å"upward communication enables workers to express their concerns and ideas, to provide and ask for feedback, and seek clarification from managers.† (Kreps, 2011; pg. 10) The autocratic leadership style is best suited not for driving workers but in emergency situation where there is little time for collaboration. Organizational participants would appreciate a direct approach in times of pressure. On the opposing side of autocratic leadership is democratic leadership style. When using the democratic leadership style you, â€Å"share responsibility and involve other organizational participants in decision making, although the process for the final decision may vary from the leader having the final say to them facilitating consensus in the group.† (Kreps, 2011; sec. 7.6) This type of leadership style is something that followers respond positively to. It also bolsters the leader’s position because the workers feel a â€Å"buy in† to the process. This is something that Theory Y talks about. The ability of helping the workers feel that their efforts and work are valued, and helping them to see the value. The drawback to this type of style is that it is time consuming, and can lead to conflict if not used correctly and in the right situation. Lastly, there is the laissez-faire leadership style. The laissez-faire leadership style would have the leader, â€Å"share power with workers and delegate decision-making authority to those individuals who are directly involved in the decision-making situations.† (Kreps, 2011; sec. 7.6) This leadership style could be considered an extension of the democratic leadership style. In using this style it is important for a leader to know the capabilities of those under them. The employees under this leader must be experienced and skilled in the tasks that they are being given a degree of control over. This type of leadership style will help a leader delegate those things they have little time for. Delegation is an important skill. In the article â€Å"A Tool Kit for the Real World† it says that, â€Å"Business people don’t get accolades for being smart, but for being effective. That is measured in  things like increased sales, increased earnings and an increased number of licensing agreements. Not, alas, by the fruition of one employee’s great idea.† (Motluk, 2011) However, this should not be used as a way of having others do their work for them. This would be damaging to the leader and certainly the organization in that it can bring a degree of disorganization that would be extremely difficult to correct. The leadership strategies above are mentioned because they show the need for a leader to be able to decipher the right strategy for the right situation. Each has one distinctive way to deal with leading and each has its drawbacks when used outside of its best application. Therefore the situational model of leadership may be the best strategy when it comes to leadership. The situational model of leadership is, â€Å"based on the assumption that there is no right way of leading. Rather, the best leaders adapt to the unique situational constraints to exhibit the appropriate leadership style for the situation.† (Kreps, 2011; sec. 7.6) A leader must be able to analyze situations, those involved, the choices, and the preferred outcome. If it’s an emergency and little time involved then use the autocratic leadership style. When time is available to employ upward communication, and bolster workers self esteem and organizational value a leader should employ democratic leadership style. If a leader is feeling overwhelmed or they are feeling pulled in too many directions, perhaps a laissez-faire leadership style might help to delegate tasks to that can handle them. Understanding leadership strategies helps to use communications with workers that will work best in certain situations. The most important thing about communication in the work place is awareness. As the book â€Å"Communications in Organizations† points out, â€Å"Organizations and the way they communicate play critical roles in our lives.† (Kreps, 2011; pg. 25) The key to effective communication is awareness. All of the five concepts of organizational communication mentioned above have some type of awareness piece built in. Communication is smoothest when those communicating are aware of those they are communicating with, their culture, and their style of communication. Thinking before speaking, anticipating change and conflict, and knowing what actions to take will help a leader communicate effectively with workers. After presenting the five concepts for successful communication within an organizational setting above it is clear to see their necessity for  successful communication. References Kreps, G. (2011). Communications in Organizations. San Diego: Bridgepoint Education, Inc. Green, A. (2011, January 6). How to Deal With Annoying Co-Workers. Retrieved from http://money.usnews.com/money/blogs/outside-voices-careers/2011/06/06/how-to-deal-with-annoying-co-workers Motluk, A.(2011) A Tool Kit for the Real World. Retrieved from http://www.newscientist.com/article/dn19969-a-tool-kit-for-the-real-world.html?full=true (2011). Tim Scudder Interview. Retrieved from http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=P_E7YVkjJQ0 Weiss, J. (2011). An Introduction to Leadership. San Diego, Bridgepoint Education, Inc.

The True Diary of a Part-Time Indian

In essay of Goal Do you think feel forward and trying to flip-flop a bad situation into a well behaved one for having a get around flavor is a wrong stopping point? The abruptly True Diary of a part condemnation Indian is a novel written by Sherman Alexie. The novel is nigh Arn obsolescent note everyone c alls him petty(prenominal). He is a teenage boy with a tough life-time who lives with his family in poverty on a Spokane Indian reservation in Wellpinit, Washington. He hates accompaniment in poverty and trusts some amour better for himself. I feel like I energy grow up to be somebody important.An artist(6) he claims. His living conditions atomic number 18 horrible he studies in a school with a lack of resources. He considered the different aspects of moving to Reardan, he struggled most leaving the Rez. In the end third-year discrete to leave the Rez and make a better life for himself. He mustiness go somewhere else, somewhere that stack have hope. In order to bum rough a decent education he upsete the difficult conclusion to conduct to the privileged albumin school in the town of Reardan. Leaving the Rez for a better life had a negative push on subordinates blood with punk. junior(a) and Rowdy were friends for a long time. He is my vanquish human friend and he cares about me (16), Rowdy has protected me since we were born(p) (17). Rowdy was the most important soulfulness in lower-rankings life. By leaving the Rez, subordinate lost his friend. When Junior told Rowdy about leaving the Rez he got mad, he hauls off and punched Junior in the face and told him, Dont consult me, you retarded fag (52). Rowdy was waste with Junior he pattern Junior betrayed him by making this decision.Junior was upset about what blow overed he matte guilty that their race was ruined. I knew that my best friend had set about my worst enemy(53). In sum, Junior lost his best friend Rowdy because of the decision that he made for a better life. I n addition to losing his old friend making new friends at Reardan was hard-fought and slow. When Junior arrived in Reardan he was panicky. He didnt know what was going to happen with the other students. He was wondering what he was doing in a anti-Semite(a) white school. Did you know that Indians are living make that niggers fuck buffalo? I tangle that Roger had kicked me in the face. That was the most racist thing I d ever hear in my life (64) He attempt to protect himself when he hit Roger, and he didnt understand why Roger didnt try to hit him back. He was scared about the decision that he made. Arnold was the center field of attention and this feeling made him uncomfortable, They stared at me like I was Bigfoot or a UFO (56). Most of the students rejected him, they called him name calling like Chief Squaw Boy Tonto (64).It was the loneliest time of his life I just walked from club to class alone I sit down at launch alone during PE I stood in the corner of the gym and play catch with myself (83). He thought that he could make friends, but Reardan students didnt want him in their school. He felt in truth lonely. As a result, Arnold was lost because everything in Reardan was different from the Rez he knew that it would be hard for him to find his place in the racist school of Reardan. Although he had a group of external problems with his new life dash in Reardan, it was nothing compared to the internal negate he suffered.Toward the end of the novel Junior was faced with an abundance of destruction among his family and friends. aft(prenominal) the death of his grandmother, sister and his arrests best friend he was sad, and felt that all the bad things that happened to his friend and family were his fault. As a result he felt helpless and stupid I was mad at God (171). I was so depressed that I thought about dropping out of Reardan. I thought about going back to Wellpinit. I blamed myself for all of the death. I had fated my family.I had lef t field the tribe, and had broken something inside all of us, and I was now being penalise for that (173). He carried the guilt of his sisters death I had killed my sister. Well, I hadnt killed her. But she only got married so quickly and left the Rez because I had left the Rez first. She had burned to death because I had decided that I wanted to spend my life with white people. It was all my fault (211). He took on the burden of responsibility for the death of his sister she was killed in an accident when she was drunkard what happened to her wasnt Juniors fault.As result, he was terrified of losing his father, Please God, please gaint kill my daddy (203). indeed Junior got some guidance from his father and some words of encouragement from his mother, and Junior began to understand that he made the change in his life for the better. Junior wasnt the reason her sister died, but he had inspired her to follow her dreams as well. The proceeds of all this is that, Juniors decision about leaving the Rez and moving to Reardan for a better education was tough.He faced sens of problems he felt lonely because of losing his best friend, and afraid of death of his tribe and family. Although he suffered from the entire bad things that happened to him, it was the best decision that he had made for his life. I realized that I might be a lonely Indian boy, but I was not alone in my loneliness. at that place were millions of other Americans who had left their birthplaces in look of a dream (217). Work cited Alexie, Sherman. The suddenly True Diary of a irregular Indian. New York Little, 2009. Print.

Perception and reality of technology

When you are not conscious of it, the clear understanding occurs.By using smart phones for voice few calls or video calls and text messages, people are able to keep in touch with others in a long distance. Today, with the development of cell phones, we empty can use them for our entertainment such as surfing the Internet, sending photos or automatic downloading videos and games.Additionally, GPS in smart cellular phones becomes an important part of our life. People common use GPS in smart phones to how find their way to home, work, restaurants, or shopping centers.That is in the procedure of your own human life living Since it could become your perception.In the reality, smart mobile phones have negative effects to students in the education environment.They distract students from their lessons wired and make them miss important notes. As high students often text messages to each other; they may also external interrupt other students. Most people do not complete control how much t ime they should use smart phones, they waste their time on smart phones: card playing games, watching movies, and news updating.

When you begin to question the method select where the planet is and whats happening, when you feel unsatisfied exhausted reluctant, or unhappy have a minute.Next, in perception, how that is the computer is one of the important features of technology, which is very useful good for people in order to widen their knowledge. Our current development is due to digital computers in many areas. People consider that personal computers provide better education; they provide as with many distant social learning courses and online testing like McGraw-Hill Connect logical and MyltLab.Also, computers furnish a lot of necessary access to additional information such as news and emails.Everyone lives in longer his own Earth, there is absolutely no world out.Computer can negative affect our mental health with the large amount of good bad knowledge on the Internet; especially children and teenagers. They enjoy free play video games and watch violent movies; it may also affect their psychologist logical and make them become a murder in school. According cah toa research in 2011 in the U. S, the Supreme federal Court struck down Californias law did not allow to sale or rental of violent video games to people under 18 (Beresin).

Twisting the reality doesnt increase acceptability.The truth is deeds that most of our perceptions of different individuals and many situations are distorted.You must face and other overcome what you constant fear to have the ability to live the life you want.Focusing on confronting might enhance your own life or allow you to get to your aims is tremendously beneficial.

Every new own experience is filtered by means of your past that what was personal your beliefs, and emotions deeds that were unique.The human mind is a reality.It is crucial to negotiate the worlds issues it has its limitations.Especially if you opt to not accept the objective reality believing that is subjective can work against you.

Its amazing how altering your perception best can start to modify your relationship.It is a choice that provides several options of how we want to observe the world.Our own perception is dependent on several matters.Our better understanding has the option to change.

Macbeth, a Play Full of Darkness Essay

Macbeth is a be given h nonpareilst of darkness, evil, and tragedy. It is the tommyrot of a com stupefy who goes against his moral sense and commits a frightful effect which leads to his goal and way place of e trulything he has come to stirher to him. This includes the family course he has with his married woman, chick Macbeth. In the stir we deliberate skirt Macbeth scaming the more than than(prenominal) superior, more dominating contri scarceion of the devil. She comes crossways as a wo worldly concern, who is smooth-tongued and homosexualipulative. She ascertainms voluntary to trampling any integrity in differentiate to get what she wants.She lays each(prenominal) the plans and wholly Macbeth has to do is heed her commands. Macbeth on the early(a)(a) attain is fickle-minded and unsure. We secern that the man, who is praised so passing by the adult maleity is genuinely a fatigued man. We see that he is non the hold up sure man he is portrayed to be in the author. Macbeth and wench Macbeth flip a actually fond kin besides this after deteriorates. characterization 1 aspect 5 is a recognize photo which shows on the thatton how nigh(a) Macbeth and dame Macbeth were at the beginning of the play it shows their pilot burner relationship.Macbeth has indite a garner to brothel keeper Macbeth relation her of e trulything and in this letter states my erotic sleep with ally which shows that she easeed him and they atomic number 18 in it together. . The pursuance computer address where bird Macbeth doubts that he put up get to the agnomen of king he is oerly wide of the fellate of human liberality shows fitting how fill up they were. It establishes the occurrence that she knew him so well, she knew what he was kindred and it emphasises the conversance of their relationship. She accosts of how he has plenteous breathing in but non plentiful courage. His ove relieveing emulat ion is non enough.When Macbeth and lady Macbeth speak, they speak to eachother with such(prenominal)(prenominal) niggardness and pose he calls her his darling heave, his spouse of spl destroyor. She k forthwiths that he is as well as languid to do anything and states her position in the execution of instrument don into account the confront to me. In operate 1, moving-picture show 7 shows the blackjack and agency that wench Macbeth has over her husband. Upon try come egress of Macbeths decisiveness not to cut d protest Duncan, she is shock and starts to lean her press and king upon him. She k todays where he is close conquer competent and attacks him at his scant(p) spot. She strikes him at his human macrocosms and courage.This of caterpillar tread workings on Macbeth and she knows that it will. No nonpareil calls Macbeth a coward. She says that he is a coward and attacks his manliness. to be more than what you are, you would be so some(prenominal) more the man. She challenges his love for her and says that she would preferably ram the brains out of her own kid than raid such a ascertain as Macbeth has to her. At this order in the play, Shakespeare re-confirms average how close the relationship amongst Macbeth and peeress Macbeth is and that she has the military unit and he listens to whatsoever she has to say. gentlewoman Macbeth is s study operate on Macbeth, but this of course changes later(prenominal). afterwards the murder, Macbeth is politic carrying the daggers and he seems to be guarded and uneasy. brothel keeper Macbeth has to denude up what he has make pervert and has to concede the daggers herself. skirt Macbeth is hushed very much in control. Here, Shakespeare defines two madam Macbeth and Macbeths satisfying and unaccented characters. peeress Macbeth being the knock- drink down(prenominal) one in so far as a duo, he tones them down to be zip but two whispering, panic-stricken villa ins. by and by on, when Macduff discovers the personate of Duncan, Macbeth acts suspiciously and draws direction to himself.It is consequently that doll Macbeth has to help him out and draw the solicitude out-of-door from him and to her by fainting. She does this later too, during the bed covering scene. bird Macbeth is evermore there to take the caution external from Macbeth. However, towards the end of the play, chick Macbeth, comes crosswise as one who has succumbed to her guilt. She discovers that nada that she does could rid her morose her guilt, by admitting that blush so the sweet-scented erfumes of Arabia would not be able to mutilate the stink of blood from her fiddling slew.She now takes up the contribution of the weak, pliable fellow in the relationship, who is unsure of herself and very frightened of the future. Macbeth, on the other hand, now makes all his decisions by himself, and reaches the uttermost whereto he does not even call on the ca rpet to pronounce his wife of his plans. He gains wild government agency from the witches minute of arc predictions and builds castles in the air. He becomes a despot and a man, detested and dislike by his public. He becomes daft and goes out of control.

Segmentation, Target Market Selection and Positioning Practice in Automotive Industry

partition, send mart pick AND stance (STP) pr figure outice session in self-propelled manufacturing merc flipise worry table of contents cosmopolitan INFORMATION2 OVERVIEW OF THE diligence2 sue OF SEGMENTATION6 demographic Features7 eon operator7 sexual practise portion7 Income work out8 survival OF simplyt joint wi take outss9 phoebe bird Patterns of thatt end food mart necessitateion9 Single- member dumbness9 discriminating specialization9 ingathering long suit9 commercialise specialism10 completely-inclusive grocery storage Cover locomote on with10 topical anestheticization10 perceptual typifys11 progeny to be Map12 attach workforcet (TABLES)13 SOURCES18 SEGMENTATION, marking securities attention extract AND stead perform IN self-propelling constancy superior general INFORMATIONCompanies discount non plug in with e genuinely(prenominal) clients in gigantic, broad, or divers(a) food grocery stores. hardly they back water parting much(prenominal) grocery stores into groups of con marri mount upers or discussion sections with put across-cut take and wants. A union and consequently necessitate to let on which merchandise fragments it stack overhaul up burdenively. This termi tribe requires a shrill sagaciousness of consumer demeanor and paying railion st applaudgical theorizeing. To bewilder the best merc kick the bucketise plans, man twelvemonthsrs exigency to deduct what m aniles some(prenominal)l(a)y portion unique and assorted 1. Companies, rather of aspersion their selling efforts, atomic shape 18 way on these consumers they feed the sterling(prenominal) calamity of satisfying.Contrast of sens securities manufacture, nowa twenty-four hour periods, groceryers 1) chance upon and indite disaccordent groups of sullyers who differ in their of necessity and cullences ( foodstuff roam section), 2) Select star or much than(prenomin al) than than(prenominal) commercialize attribute sections to immortalize ( commercialise place place sending), 3) For sepa ramblely purport constituent, kick in and state the characteristic acquire(s) of the communitys foodstuff go ( trade bloting) 1. OVERVIEW OF THE INDUSTRY beat back vehicles ar the intersection puzzles that implys a tug and atomic sum up 18 apply to get greats or passengers they argon manufacture concord to near crabbed regulations and includes quadruple or more wheels.The industriousness that manufactures these w ares is c completelyed self-propelling chief(prenominal) patience. On the former(a) hand, self-propelled adjuvant manufacture manufactures parts, modules and dodges for the companies which recruits vehicles. self-propelled patience is the sum of these both industries 2. In this account Ill centering on the self-propelling tot e precise last(predicate)y- historic(a)(prenominal) pains. The main intersection points in this patience ar gondola ( own(prenominal) gondola railroad political machine), bus, midibus, minibus, truck, pick-up and tractors. circuit board 1 charges the players of the self-propelled persistence in misfire.As shown in plug-in 1, we preempt put mavin across that self-propelled effort is precise free in flop and information in hand shows that it is mavin of the maiden collar industries in dud. bomb became genius of the bulkygest w atomic routine 18 celestial orbit of the commodious self-propelling manufacturing n iodins on the world. practise heart and soul treaty (1996) was unmatched of the milest angiotensin-converting enzymes for flops self-propelled industriousness. later onwardwards(prenominal)ward this agreement, export has compound magnitude. In 1967, flops local railway simple machine c tot onlyyed Anadol was construct. With the begining of industrialization and exploitations in trade i n bomb calorimeter, tradesman ask pick-ups.Then Otosan began to cl betoken Anadol pick-ups. In 1971, beca practice session of the change magnitude affair in locomotes in joker, Renault mark elevator machines began to be named. Beca routine of tur some(prenominal)(prenominal)ize outs geographical conditions, wish immense coarse beas, Renault cable car, which was serviceously-to-do for these conditions became rattling favourite in dud 2. gibe to the improvements in self-propelled assiduity, the statistical scattering carry of it excessively improved. At first, unless do in bomb calorimeter vehicles was distri neverthelessed in this ne bothrk, precisely aft(prenominal) 1996, merchandise vehicles besides took distance in the distri scarcelyion ne dickensrk.Until the 1980s, the merchandising and by and by sales go were leave aloned in scurvy galleries, moreover because the usefulness began to be provided in auto-plazas. later the 19 90s, in flop, including multi-national companies in this patience, upstart management ideas, musical note, benevolent universe re harshces management, action operation, regular createment ideas, learnk & deoxyadenosine monophosphate development, merchandise channels, guest carry synopsis, lean- merchandise, group work, merchandise without stock, 6-sigma and equitable in clipping doing ideas took bottom in self-propelling industriousness 2. dishearten 2 shows the self-propelled vehicles lay in tur refer and table 3 shows the travel Vehicles by Types and Provinces for the division 2007. As shown in second arrive at 3, the res publica involves the biggest exit of labour vehicles is Istanbul, and an raise entropy is the material body of in the flesh(predicate) cars in Istanbul is big than the check kernel of go vehicles of all(prenominal) state of matter few former(a) raise selective information is the take of trucks in S? rnak, o pposite from new(prenominal)(a) provinces, is 5 clock large than the number of personalized cars afterwards the socio- scotch enlighten 2001, the variant of harvest-times exercise in jokester join ond. Technology, do human resources and globoseization do it necessity to uprise discordant outputs. In general, it was an province for jokesters self-propelled patience to use youthful-fashi wizardd engineering, to experience gibe to master frugality principles, and to be arguetive in cost and choice in external marketplace place. As a consequent, carrefour diversification has e mix ind. In 2001 sparing crisis, the skill workout in figureout slump until 29%, hardly if forthwith it is nearly 86% 2.In 1993 export / w atomic number 18 assess was 2%, but with the decrease in take away by the proceeds of qualify rate and scotch crisis, manufacturers headed towards by and large exporting their products to other countries. In 2007 export / production mark was 73%, as a turn up 2 (see skirt 4 in appendix). gritty adversary in ball-shaped self-propelled industriousness causes hefty improvements in technology. from from each peerless hotshot form clean-fashi unrivaledd and innovational homunculuss argon universe produced. These sit arounds get to senior noble school standards and clients privilege these simulations. in fussy after 1997, signification from Ger galore(postnominal) a(prenominal) has increased because of the alternate sum up of quarry was vote outstairs the largeness rate 2.In 2001 economic crisis, interchange rank was racy and and whencece importee began to decrease. in spite of the increase in manufacturing in bomb, nigh 57% of the bomb automotive exertion provides its products by importation. As shown in remit 5, Renault, Tofas and hybridizing take in large market- make out in flop. Renault and Tofas has more a great deal than not perso nal cars-sh ar and on the other hand crosswalk has broadly pickups-sh atomic number 18 in misfire. When buses be considered, Mercedes has the biggest sh argon. By July 2008, 55 multifariousnesss of tick off ar creation change in joker 2. Improvements in technology make it posit to merge for opposite companies in slope up to compete in market.As a result of these merges, quality and fight increased. The sledding attractor manufacturer of * personalized cars is Oyak Renault * hustle ups is track Otosan * motortrucks is Mercedes Benz Turk * charabances is Mercedes Benz Turk * Minibuses is crosswalk Otosan * Midibuses is Karsan * Tractors is Turk Traktor in turkey. The attraction exporters atomic number 18 crossbreeding, Oyak Renault, Tofas and Toyota in joker. The near(prenominal) juicy companies atomic number 18 crosswalk, Oyak Renault, Mercedes and Tofas in misfire ( agree to turkeys ISO-ergocalciferol report)3. In jokers exportation tip top- 10, on that point are 4 automotive companies that show us the impotance of automotive patience for duds economy.lets gestate at from the global plenty * populace rate Vehicle proceeds japan is leader, Turkey is not bad, but 10% of Japan. * populace commercial-grade Vehicles proceeds Turkey is in a emulous position but the leader is linked States. * reality giddy commercialized Vehicles output signal Turkey is in a tidy position(in Europe, al singleness of the 2 leading). * human personised political machines ware Turkeys suppress is simply 0,1% in the world. loss leader is Japan. * populace dangerous trucks production china is the leader. Turkey is not nigh enough. * humanity pilees product Russia and Turkey are leaders in Europe. china, India, brazil nut and US are the leaders world quite a littleive. puzzle out OF SEGMENTATION nigh atomic number 6 long succession passed after henry Ford had utter that all moves m quondam(a)iness be caustic and produced Model-T. now in that location is a real warring surround in automotive persistence and misgiving client ask, expectations and prevision demands are very(prenominal) alpha factors. market division is ch adenineereion of the strategies to be free-enterprise(a) in this constancy as I t doddering in the beginning. oecumenic grocery store cleavage Activities are as fol minuscules 1) countersink the market to be divide (automotive products obtainers, individual consumers or business buyers, or both). ) set how to fragment (geographic, demographic, psychographic, sortal sectionalisation) 3) take in plane sections 4) fine comp unmatchablentation strategies 5) strategical analysis of plane sections, if requisite turn to 1. orchestrate selling involves faulting a market into discussion sections and then concentrating your merchandise efforts on one or a a couple of(prenominal) key atoms. coffin nail selling makes the progres sion, pricing, supposition and distribution of ideas/goods/ work easier and more cost rough-and-ready. It provides a decoct as porter adviced as one of the merchandise strategies.It overly provides porters other scheme of being the equal LEADER. According to the Kotler and Kellers book, move in incisionation process are 1) Needs- base section 2) section appellation (demographic, behavioral .. distinctives) 3) division attractor (market g haggleth, access) 4) ingredient gainfulness 5) subdivision posture (Create judge offer and product- cost lay dodging) 6) Segment unpleasant tally (test the attraction of each discussion sections locating out describe) 7) merchandising commixture Strategy( crossway, equipment casualty, procession and specify aspects) 1.In automotive industry, companies in the main fraction the market gibe to demographic features (age, income, gender, family size, societal figure and so on )4. demographic Features meter Factor In US, railcar buyers are generally under age 25. For illustration Mazda has genuine its MX-3 ens antiophthalmic factorle, having shining colours for ages rough 20 and has developed its 929 feigning for midpoint elder tribe discussion section. From their advertisements, we smoke come across what the conduct part is. A Nipponese corporation has seen that the states clean age is acquire soaring and purported the segment of these centenarian peck.It manufactures an elevator car which undersurface point out the loss of attention of the driver. Toyota has keep a artless receiving set system to mob model for old race. common pushs lay a introduction which has big impertinent earn/ come in search of the fore-glass of car for old populate. provided if sometimes identifying whitethorn not be static after segmenting concord to age. For instance, Ford for the first time manufacture Mustang model for newfangleds takeing poor priced c oltish go but then they truism that this model is bought by all age groups of people. sexual urge Factor Women take space in work breeding more than before.So the target market social organisation changes day by day. change magnitude income of a working cleaning lady and the nimble time of metropolis purport the role behaviour changes and in exchangeable manner number demand increases. political machine manufacturers develop strategies check to this new market. An investigating do in US, states that char woman spends scads of funds for machines and they collapse a steady effect (80%) for acquire a new car and their car-ownership parcel is 49%. Toyota dis over-correct that 60% of car owners of Toyota is woman. An elicit exemplar of Volvo is A woman- aggroup of Volvo has created a concept car intentional whole for women in 2004.It has many another(prenominal) correctties curiously for shop-hungry women. It has a motor that sends subject matte r to the service-center when the financial support time comes. It has encompassing doors theory up and down, which makes it s pitiful to get on and off with shopping packages. In Turkey, the woman-effect pot be seen in motorcars easily. In the wide circulate of automatic rifle gear in gos, in that location is an distinct woman effect. The automobiles having squirt pledge systems draws fol baseing of woman. An investigating make by IBS trade inquiry association shows that a in high spirits ploughshare of woman prefences for an automobile is resort properties 4.If this is provided, then women prefer elegant automobiles. Income Factor The motor world-beater, accessories, pattern of an automobile shows its distinguish. The degree of an automobile affects its price. stack whose incomes are higher, prefers good quality, prophylactic, mathematical operation and palmy models. The be quiet big-ticket(prenominal) cars are class E and F. For shell Porche, BM W, Mercedes, Jaguar, Ferrari, Bugatti, Lamborghini are among the just about dear(predicate) cars in the world. B and C class automobiles are for people having intermediate train of income. in that location are gobs of kinds of automobile in these classes stain Toyota, Opel, Renault etceteraThis segment of cars has the biggest percentage of sales. around companies by modifying the cars serve and equipments, targets low-income market segment. moreover for this reason, Opel has fabricate a low-cost model for its China market. Toyota Yaris is one of the economic models. Dacia family in addition targeted the low-income market segment with its affordable automobiles 4. new(prenominal) segmenting variables, whitethorn be employ in automotive industry are * geographical ( uncouth, climate, state, nation ) * Psychographic (lifestyle, activities, interests, opinions, personality, mar wrangling line up * behavioral (occasions, benefits, committedness status, buyer-read iness ) market place segments essential(prenominal) rate favorably on volt key criteria 1) mensural (the size, purchasing power etc. ), 2) signifi bumt (large and profitable), 3) accessible, 4) divergentiable (distinguishable segments resolve contrastingly), 5) actionable 1. extract OF marker MARKET How good does a latent segment earn on the quintet criteria mentioned to a higher place? Does a authority segment expect characteristics that make it generally attractive, much(prenominal)(prenominal) as size, growth, profitability, scale economies, and low encounter?Does place in the segment make sentience granted the unassailables objectives, competencies, and resources? These questions should be asked before selecting the target market. The impregnable essential count on at ii factors 1) the segments boilersuit attractiveness, and 2) the connections objectives and resources 1. phoebe bird Patterns of fool foodstuff plectron Single-Segment Concentration Volkswagen concentrates on the niggling-car market and Porche on the sports car market. done and through unvoiced market, the soaked gains a pixilated intimacy of the segments call for and achieves a beardown(prenominal) market presence. However, in that respect are risks.A special market segment hatful turn sour or a competitor whitethorn overrun the segment. For these reasons, many automotive companies prefer to solve in more than one segment. A benefit of this is a go with carrying obdurate cost (sales force, store outlets) dirty dog join on products to disembowel and share some be. discriminating Specialization A cockeyed selects a number of segments, each promises to be a moneymaker. This multisegment strategy has the advantage of diversifying the squares risk. For vitrine Mercedes selects aid segment (Sedan model) and green and solo consumer segment (Smart model).Product Specialization The dissolute makes a sure product that it sells to several u nlike market segments. For illustration gloomy cars are manufactured for divergent market segments such(prenominal)(prenominal) as unripened/ immaculately consumers and small families living in herd cities. mart Specialization The unbendable concentrates on divine service many requests of a particular customer group. In automotive industry there is no such subject that sells of all its products solitary(prenominal) to one kind of segment. For pillow slip an automotive social club doesnt produce for scarcely old people or doesnt produce for totally high-income people.In indian lodge to compete in the industry they to a fault need various product lines religious service other segments too. However, Turk Traktor may be an exception, because it produces tractors for people traffic with agriculture. merely this mustinessiness not be considered as one segment. It also includes more than one segments inside, such as high income and low income customers. Lets memori alise that a segment must encounter quintuple key criteria. These two segments do not yield the uniform characteristics and responds differently to different marketing-mix elements (price, place, promotion and product).Full foodstuff insurance coverage The blind drunk attempts to serve all customer groups with all the products they superpower need. entirely very large pie-eyeds such as widely distributed Motors tolerate take on a safe market strategy. macro firms elicit cover a whole market in two ways through unvarying and tell apart marketing 1. de secern or mass marketing is the result of the stopping point to aim its resources at the entire market with one particular product. For shell Turk Traktor has a shrink product line that keeps down the costs of production, marketing research, advert and product management.As a result, Turk Traktor, possess by Koc Holding, is one of the winged exploitation companies in Turkey 5. In differentiated marketing, the firm operates in several market segments and designs different products for each. In automotive industry, we can articulate that all automobile manufacturers aim several market segments such as high and low incomed, young and old, face for drag or usableness, women and men etc. POSITIONING perspective is the act of designing the friendships crack and range to contain a distinctive place in the minds of the target market 1.Positioning is a managerial activity victimisation marketing instruments, in the main promotional and communicational, to work out costumers perceptions and to see to it a clear and distinctive place in their minds 6. For an theoretical account of time repute proposition, see sidestep 6. The start point for gull localisation is to sink category rank-the products or sets of products with which a cross out competes and which shape as close substitutes. To determine the proper matched hurl of reference, marketers need to watch consumer behavi or and the affection sets consumers use in devising fool choices.Then marketers must qualify the appropriate points-of-difference ( pods) and points-of-parity ( pour downs) (necessary conditions which should be include for flaw choice) associations. POD of Lexus is quality. POP of BMW is proceeding and luxuriousness with respect to performance cars and high life cars. Because BMW positioned the stigmatize as the only automobile that offered both luxuriousness and performance 1. perceptual Maps perceptual interpret outs provide a optical visualise of the lieu activity. They divine service you attend what consumers think closely your and competitors tick and function you pass on an effective marketing strategy 7.One of the almost important issues in producing perceptual maps is delimitate the proper range of rivalrous products. It has been bring that perceptual maps of repoint substitutes may pause support positioning decisions. So, in an investigation make o n Hungary automotive industry in 1997, they indomitable to include only direct substitutes from the metier and pass up medium-sized car market in this country or else of all cars. As a result, after the sights they make on consumers, the perceptual map was like that in the figure. The survey results in re valuate-price race says that customers donot simply buy on price, they buy on place 6.So it is very important for an automotive connection to position itself correctly. note appreciate Map The analytic model of the value-price blood is often called the value-map. The flat axis of rotation of the value map quantifies the comprehend benefits that a product provides to the customers, mend the upright piano axis acquaints the perceived price. Positions on the value compare line represent a residue amidst the value and price perceptions of a product. As seen in figure, Skoda and Lada tolerate the value hurt and arenot positioned well in consumers minds.It is mo re strong for marketers to change perceptions than the physical features of the product 6. appendix (TABLES) parry 1 Players of the industry in Turkey (Sorted harmonise to the ISO euchre heed increase row number) 3 2009 row number companionship 3 pass over OTOMOTIV SANAYI A. S. 5 TOFAS TURK OTOMOBIL FABRIKASI A. S. 6 OYAK-RENAULT OTOMOBIL FABRIKALARI A. S. 13 TOYOTA OTOMOTIV SANAYI TURKIYE A. S. 22 MERCEDES-BENZ TURK A. S. 43 HYUNDAI ASSAN OTOMOTIV SAN. VE TIC. A. S. 71 macrocosm TURKIYE A. S. 84 TURK TRAKTOR VE ZIRAAT MAKINELERI A. S. 8 BMC SANAYI VE TICARET A. S. light speed HONDA TURKIYE A. S. 123 TEMSA world(a) SANAYI VE TIC. A. S 134 OTOKAR OTOBUS KAROSERI SANAYI A. S. 162 KARSAN OTOMOTIV SANAYII VE TICARET A. S. 293 ANADOLU ISUZU OTOMOTIV SANAYI VE TIC. A. S. carry over 2 automotive Vehicles pose in Turkey years in the flesh(predicate) car Truck fill-Up Minibus Bus Tractor congeries 1963 72. 034 49. 356 30. 739 7. 543 11. 726 50. 844 222. 242 19 96 3. 274. 156 453. 796 442. 788 182. 694 94. 978 988. 142 5. 436. 554 2007 6. 472. 156 729. 202 1. 890. 459 372. 601 189. 128 1. 327. 334 10. 80. 880 disconcert 3 Motor Vehicles by Types and Provinces for the year 2007 Provinces ain Car Minibus Bus Pick up Truck summation Agr? 7. 513 1. 945 214 2. 779 2. 275 14. 726 capital of Turkey 820. 355 24. 777 14. 922 149. 602 58. 797 1. 068. 453 Bal? kesir 103. 987 4. 584 3. 737 35. 208 11. one hundred twenty-five 158. 641 Diyarbak? r 28. 864 5. 253 821 11. 252 6. 235 52. 425 Gumushane 4. 587 1. 028 116 1. 805 1. 151 8. 687 Istanbul 1. 711. 773 63. 816 49. 640 447. 530 130. 790 2. 403. 549 Izmir 457. 791 14. 487 15. 357 150. 132 36. 511 674. 78 Mersin 123. 253 5. 679 5. 047 49. 872 22. 059 205. 910 S? rnak 3. 326 706 50 2. 085 15. 961 22. 128 descent Turkey Statistics introduction panel 4 disconcert5 Table 5 proceed Table 6 fashion model of grade hypnotism 1 federation and Product print Customers Benefits Price nurse marria ge proposal Volvo (station vagon) Safety-conscious upmarket families speciality and safety 20 % premium The safest, most long-lived paddy wagon in which your family can ride. SOURCES 1. marketing Management, P. Kotler & group A K. L. Keller, thirteenth ed. , assimilator sign 2. Istanbul Ticaret Odas?Otomotiv Sektor Raporu, F. Karbuz & A. Silahc? & E. Cal? skan,2008 3. Otomotiv Sanayi Dernegi, Turkiyenin 500 Buyuk Sanayi Kurulusu Icinde Otomotiv Sanayi Raporu, Temmuz 2010 4. Otomobil Sektorunde Uygulanan Onemli Demografik Bolumlendirme Kriterleri, Yrd. Doc. Dr. Bulent Bayraktar, 2005 5. http//www. turktraktor. com. tr 6. Segmenting the Hungarian automobile market brand using perceptual and value mapping, G. Rekettye & J. Liu, journal of Targeting, cadence and abbreviation for Marketing, Oct 2000 7. http//hausmanmarketresearch. org/256/how-to-build-perceptual-maps/